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States’ Regulation of Artificial Intelligence

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Regulation of Innovative Technologies

Abstract

In this chapter, US states have been particularly aggressive in sharing responsibilities of governance with the federal government. In particular, states have expressed concern and have enacted legislation with respect to the right of privacy and virtual currencies in relation to underlying blockchain technologies. We examine some of the measures taken by numerous states to protect their citizens.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    2018 Cal. Civ. Code §§1798 et. seq., https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?division=3.&part=4.&lawCode=CIV&title=1.81.5.

  2. 2.

    The California Privacy Rights Act of 2020, Cal. Civ. Code §1798.199.10 (2020), IAPP, https://iapp.org/resources/article/the-california-privacy-rights-act-of-2020/.

  3. 3.

    Cal. Civ. Code §1798.99.80, https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB1202.

  4. 4.

    Among the many comparisons are Navdeep K. Singh, What You Need to Know about the CCPA and the European Union’s GDPR, AM. BAR ASSC. (Feb. 26, 2020), https://www.americanbar.org/groups/litigation/committees/minority-trial-lawyer/practice/2020/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-ccpa-and-the-european-unions-gdpr/.

  5. 5.

    2021 H.B. 2307/2021 S.B. 1392, https://legiscan.com/VA/text/SB1392/id/2328317.

  6. 6.

    Colorado Privacy Act, Sen Bill 21-190. Discussion is at https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb21-190.

  7. 7.

    2019 NRS §603A.300, https://legiscan.com/NV/text/SB220/2019.

  8. 8.

    2019 Title 35A, §9301, https://legislature.maine.gov/statutes/35-A/title35-Asec9301-3.html.

  9. 9.

    2019, 9 VSA §§2430, 2446-2447, https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/09/062/02430.

  10. 10.

    New York City, Tenant Data Privacy Act, Local Law 63 of 2021, https://www1.nyc.gov/site/hpd/services-and-information/tenant-data-privacy-law.page.

  11. 11.

    Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 (COPPA), 15 U.S.C. §6501, https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title15/chapter91&edition=prelim.

  12. 12.

    2018 Calif. Bus. & Prof. Code §§22580-22582, https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=BPC&sectionNum=22580.

  13. 13.

    2016 Del. Code §1204 C, https://delcode.delaware.gov/title6/c012c/index.html.

  14. 14.

    Exec. Order No. 14028, 86 C.F.R. 14028, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/05/12/executive-order-on-improving-the-nations-cybersecurity/.

  15. 15.

    Shalanda D. Young, Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies, OMB (Jan. 26, 2022).

  16. 16.

    2020 N.Y. Laws §899-bb, https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2019/s5575.

  17. 17.

    2019 Ore. SB684, https://olis.oregonlegislature.gov.

  18. 18.

    2019 Ore. SB646A.604.

  19. 19.

    2018 N.J. P.L. 2019, c.95, https://legiscan.com/NJ/text/S52/id/1794420.

  20. 20.

    2004 N.Y. P.L. 1997, c. 172, https://www.njleg.state.nj.us/2004/bills/a1500/1080_i1.htm.

  21. 21.

    2019 TX HB 4390, https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/86R/billtext/html/HB04390F.htm.

  22. 22.

    2019 Wash. SHR 1071, http://lawfilessext.leg.wa.gov.

  23. 23.

    2019, Mass. H. 4806, https://malegislature.gov/Bills/190/H4806/BillHistory?pageNumber=2.

  24. 24.

    2019 MD. HB 1154, https://legiscan.com/MD/bill/HB1154/2019.

  25. 25.

    2008 Ill. 740 ILCS 14, https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=3004&ChapterID=57.

  26. 26.

    Rosenbach v. Six Flags Entm’t Corp., 2019 IL App. 123186.

  27. 27.

    McDonald v. Symphony Bronzeville Park, 2020 IL App. (1st) 192398.

  28. 28.

    Rivera v. Google, Inc., 238 F. Supp. 3d (N.D. Ill. 2017).

  29. 29.

    Tony Romm, Arizona sues Google over allegations it illegally tracked Android smartphone users’ locations, WASHINGTON POST (May 27, 2020), https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/05/27/google-android-privacy-lawsuit/.

  30. 30.

    Leah Nylen, 35 states, D.C. sue Google for alleged antitrust violations in its Android app store, POLITICO (July 7, 2021), https://www.politico.com/news/2021/07/07/36-states-dc-sue-google-for-alleged-antitrust-violations-in-its-android-app-store-498622.

  31. 31.

    NCSL, Cryptocurrency Legislation 2021, (May 14, 2021), https://www.ncsl.org/research/financial-services-and-commerce/cryptocurrency-2021-legislation.aspx.

  32. 32.

    2015 NY 23 NYCRR Part 200, https://www.dfs.ny.gov/industry_guidance/home.

  33. 33.

    Press Release, Attorney General James Ends Virtual Currency Trading Platform Bitfinex’s Illegal Activities in New York, NYS A.tty Gen. (Feb. 23, 2021), https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2021/attorney-general-james-ends-virtual-currency-trading-platform-bitfinexs-illegal.

  34. 34.

    New York State v. Coinseed, Inc. et al. (Sup. Ct. NYC, May 6, 2021).

  35. 35.

    NY Atty Gen., Attorney General James Shuts Down Virtual Currency Trading Platform and Stops Cryptocurrency CEO From Continuing Fraudulent Conduct, PRESS RELEASE (Sept. 13, 2021), https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2021/attorney-general-james-shuts-down-virtual-currency-trading-platform-and-stops.

  36. 36.

    2019 WY SFO125 Ch. 0029, https://www.wyoleg.gov/Legislation/2019/SF0125.

  37. 37.

    Investment Advisers Act, 15 U.S.C. §80b-21.

  38. 38.

    Custody of funds or securities of clients by investment advisers, 17 CFR §275.206(4)-2.

  39. 39.

    For a commentary on the No-Action Letter, see SEC Responds to Wyoming’s Opinion on Custody of Digital Assets and Qualified Custodian Status, NAT. L. REV. (Nov. 26, 2020), https://www.natlawreview.com/article/sec-responds-to-wyoming-s-opinion-custody-digital-assets-and-qualified-custodia.

  40. 40.

    Cyrus Rothwell-Ferraris, Gov. Jared Polis Wants Colorado to Accept Crypto for State Taxes, COINDESK (May 25, 2021), https://www.coindesk.com/policy/2021/05/26/gov-jared-polis-wants-colorado-to-accept-crypto-for-state-taxes/.

  41. 41.

    Uniform Law Commission, Uniform Regulation of Virtual-Currency Business Act, https://www.uniformlaws.org/committees/community-home?CommunityKey=e104aaa8-c10f-45a7-a34a-0423c2106778.

  42. 42.

    HB 5847/SB 753 (2019), An Act Relating to Financial Institutions - Licensed Activities – currency Transmissions, https://legiscan.com/RI/text/H5847/2019.

  43. 43.

    Gautham, To Regulate Crypto or Not? BTC Foundation Says, Not Right Now!, NEWSBTC (2017), https://www.newsbtc.com/news/bitcoin-foundation-appeal-lawmakers/.

  44. 44.

    Model Regulatory Framework for Virtual Currencies, CSBS (March 30, 2017), https://www.csbs.org/policy/model-regulatory-framework-virtual-currencies.

  45. 45.

    FinCEN, Final Rule, FIN-2014 R002 (Jan. 30, 2014). See also, GAO-18-254 (March 2018), Financial Technology: Additional Steps by Regulators Could Better Protect consumers and Aid Regulatory Oversight.

  46. 46.

    FinCEN, FinCEN Guidance: Application of FinCEN’s Regulations to Certain Business Models Involving Convertible Virtual Currencies, FN-2019-G001 (May 19, 2019).

  47. 47.

    Larry Dean Harmon, FinCEN, No. 2020-2 (2020).

  48. 48.

    U.S. v. Harmon, No. 19-cr-395 (BAH) (D.C. Cir., July 24, 2020).

  49. 49.

    U.S. v. Lord, No. 15-00240-01/02 (W.D. La., April 20, 2017).

  50. 50.

    Eric Powers, FinCEN No. 2019-01 (2019).

  51. 51.

    Western Union Financial Services, Inc., FinCEN No. 2017-01 (2017).

  52. 52.

    Uniform Law Commission, Model Services Act (2000), https://www.uniformlaws.org/committees/community-home?CommunityKey=cf8b649a-114c-4bc9-8937-c4ee17148a1b.

  53. 53.

    Vision 2020, CSBS, https://www.csbs.org/vision2020.

  54. 54.

    CSBS, CSBS Releases Model for the Future of Payments Regulation (Sept. 9, 2021), https://www.csbs.org/newsroom/csbs-releases-model-future-payments-regulation.

  55. 55.

    The Toronto Declaration: Protecting the rights to equality and non-discrimination in machine learning systems, ACCESSNOW (May 16, 2018), https://www.accessnow.org/the-toronto-declaration-protecting-the-rights-to-equality-and-non-discrimination-in-machine-learning-systems/.

  56. 56.

    Future of Life Institute, Asilomar AI Principles (2017), https://futureoflife.org/ai-principles/.

  57. 57.

    Alphabet, Inc., Code of Conduct, https://abc.xyz/investor/other/code-of-conduct/.

  58. 58.

    Google, Artificial Intelligence at Google: Our Principles, https://ai.google/principles/.

  59. 59.

    Tom Simonite, What Really Happened When Google Ousted Timnit Gebru, WIRED (June 8, 2021), https://www.wired.com/story/google-timnit-gebru-ai-what-really-happened/.

  60. 60.

    Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Pub. L. 107-204.

  61. 61.

    Dodd-Frank Act of 2010, Pub. L. 111-203.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Goldstein Academic Center 203, Pace University, Pleasantville, NY, USA

    Rosario Girasa

  2. Brewster, NY, USA

    Gino J. Scalabrini

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  1. Rosario Girasa
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Correspondence to Rosario Girasa .

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Girasa, R., Scalabrini, G.J. (2022). States’ Regulation of Artificial Intelligence. In: Regulation of Innovative Technologies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-03869-3_5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-03869-3_5

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