A Brush Tyre Model with Standstill Handler for Energy Efficiency Studies

Energy efficiency simulations are crucial during development and sales phases, since they can be used to tune vehicle specifications and functions towards the use cases. During a transport mission, heavy-duty vehicles come across very common situations like idling and standstill which are often disregarded in many approaches. At the same time, slip losses are difficult to estimate due to intrinsic difficulties in tyre modelling. In this paper, we present a vehicle model switching among different discrete states. The switching logic is regulated by a state machine and allows to cope with standstill without neglecting frictional losses. The whole model is simulated within a complex environment able to reflect the impact from external surroundings over vehicle performance. Results from simulations show that slip losses can represent a conspicuous amount of the total, and should be properly taken into account when dealing with energy efficiency studies.