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2024 | Buch

Navigation Jargon Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Air Navigation

Fundamentals, Systems, and Flight Trajectory Management

verfasst von: Octavian Thor Pleter

Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland

Buchreihe : Springer Aerospace Technology

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

This book takes a new approach to air navigation, extending the classic scope of positioning and guidance to efficient and safe 4D flight trajectory management. Modern air navigation aims at flight trajectories optimisation. There is an infinite number of solutions to the classic navigation problem of flying from one airport to another, but most of them are wasteful of resources and even risky. Minimising all costs and risks incurred by the 4D flight trajectory makes air navigation both efficient and safe, which are key factors in air navigation services. Beyond minimising fuel burn and CO2, efficiency addresses non-CO2 emissions and noise. This is a visually intensive book, using examples and case studies to illustrate the concepts, the physics of navigation and the mathematical models involved. Numerical examples reflect its problem-solving nature. It is useful to aerospace students, engineers, pilots, air traffic controllers, technicians, and scientists curious about aviation.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Navigation Jargon
Abstract
Section 1 presents the air navigation fundamentals. This chapter is a short discussion of semantics and definitions of air navigation, trying to define the scope of the work. Starting with the classic definitions of navigation as positioning and guidance, this book steps up to include safety and efficiency, which are major key performance indicators of air navigation services. In this paradigm, air navigation is presented as the science of flight trajectory optimisations.
Octavian Thor Pleter
Chapter 2. Geodesy
Abstract
This chapter presents the basics of geodesy applicable to air navigation. The shape and the size of the Earth are presented in four approximations: tangent plane, sphere, rotation ellipsoid, and geoid. The Earth’s gravity applications to air navigation are discussed further. Airports as terminal points of flights and flight tracks in general are space representations in a terrestrial framework, so the geodesy is particularly relevant. Moreover, geodesy provides the basis for understanding the atmosphere physics presented in the next Chapter.
Octavian Thor Pleter
Chapter 3. Atmosphere
Abstract
This chapter is an applied study of the Earth’s atmosphere. This is the differentiation point between legacy maritime navigation and air navigation. The atmosphere is the framework for flight. Flight dynamics allow the calculation of the flight trajectory with respect to the air. As the atmosphere is itself on the move, for the purpose of navigation, the aerodynamic trajectory needs to be converted to the ground reference, using the wind vector field. Starting with the basic principles of atmosphere physics, this Chapter presents the flight instruments measuring air pressure and airflow direction (aerodynamic instruments).
Octavian Thor Pleter
Chapter 4. Directions, Azimuths, Horizon
Abstract
This chapter presents orientation in space: directions, azimuths, and horizon. Astronomic positioning introduces the classical navigation methods, which are less useful in aviation for practical reasons, but still relevant. The horizon is particularly important to air navigation because most air navigation systems use radio waves, and the horizon is a key factor in radio waves propagation. The use of the magnetic field of the Earth and basic magnetic compass instruments are presented further. A synthesis of the key azimuths used in air navigation is followed by the gyroscopic and integrated flight instruments.
Octavian Thor Pleter
Chapter 5. Time
Abstract
In contrast to the previous chapters, which regard the three dimensions of space, this chapter addresses the fourth dimension: time. It is less obvious that time is equally important to navigation as space. This chapter focuses on the practical applications of time calculations to air navigation.
Octavian Thor Pleter
Chapter 6. Vertical and Horizontal Navigation
Abstract
Section 6.2 is a synthesis of Air Navigation Systems, building on the air navigation fundamentals presented in Sect. 6.1. This chapter presents the air navigation equations in both vertical and horizontal planes and introduces the algorithms using quaternions and the inertial navigation systems (INS and IRS).
Octavian Thor Pleter
Chapter 7. Aircraft
Abstract
This chapter presents on-board systems for efficient, effective, and safe navigation, or which may impact the flight trajectory. It presents how human pilots and automated systems cooperate to solve three essential tasks: flying the aircraft, monitoring the systems, and navigation. Although navigation is the lowest in the priority order, it relies on the first two and depends on the human machine interface. A structured analysis of the automation layers of a modern commercial airplane is presented next. As aviation safety is included in navigation, the alerting systems are presented further. The alerting systems may also impact the flight trajectory.
Octavian Thor Pleter
Chapter 8. Radio Navigation
Abstract
This chapter is dedicated to radio navigation systems, following a brief reminder of radio wave physics, with a view to the practical applications in aviation. All types of radio location systems used in air navigation are presented, from the oldest radio goniometers and radio telemeters to terrestrial radio positioning systems and landing systems. Section 8.3 presents global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). A synthetic study of surveillance systems is given next. As radio navigation systems and radio communication systems are on a convergent course, Sect. 8.5 is dedicated to those digital communications systems which are relevant to air navigation.
Octavian Thor Pleter
Chapter 9. Trajectory
Abstract
Section III is focused on flight trajectory planning, execution, and monitoring, building on the air navigation fundamentals and air navigation systems presented in the previous sections. This chapter presents flight trajectories with their mathematical models and algorithms: direct-to trajectory, loxodrome or rhumb line, and orthodrome or great circle route, calculated by spherical trigonometry, haversine, and rotations methods. As the most efficient air navigation method, the brachistochrone is presented further. Instrument flight procedures, area navigation (RNAV) and performance-based navigation (PBN)/required navigation performance (RNP) trajectories are presented next as less efficient but very safe flight trajectories.
Octavian Thor Pleter
Chapter 10. Flight Planning and Management
Abstract
This chapter presents flight planning and management. Basic aspects of the ICAO flight plan from the operational perspective are presented in Sect. 10.1. Some fuel management aspects are discussed in Sect. 10.3. Numerical examples of short-haul and long-haul flight plans and navigation logs are given in Sects. 10.2 and 10.4, respectively. Section 10.5 approaches flight plan implementation (execution) in flight. Section 10.6 presents the key points in a flight trajectory: point of equal time and point of no return.
Octavian Thor Pleter
Chapter 11. Navigation Optimisations
Abstract
This chapter is a synthesis of air navigation optimisations, starting with a study of the optimal 4D trajectory search using a comprehensive objective function, which balances efficiency, safety, and air traffic capacity. A brief discussion of the algorithms is followed by an optimisation solution for multiple trajectories simultaneously, safely separated from each other. Kalman filtering is a key algorithm to solve the positioning problem in an optimal way. The Chapter ends with a complex flight trajectory optimal search applied to solve a remarkable practical problem: the reconstruction of the mysterious Malaysian 370 flight trajectory.
Octavian Thor Pleter
Chapter 12. Air Traffic Management
Abstract
This chapter focuses on Air Traffic Management (ATM), the system of systems to simultaneously manage more flight trajectories to achieve safe and efficient flow of traffic. After introducing the fundamentals of ATM and the Air Traffic Services (ATS), the remaining part of the Chapter provides the essential ideas on the flight trajectory management in ATM systems and the principles of trajectory predictions.
Octavian Thor Pleter
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Air Navigation
verfasst von
Octavian Thor Pleter
Copyright-Jahr
2024
Electronic ISBN
978-3-031-52994-8
Print ISBN
978-3-031-52993-1
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52994-8

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