nach oben

Erschienen in:

2024 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Air Pollution in the Southern Part of Iraq and Its Health Risks

verfasst von : Nader A. Salman, Maha K. Al-Mishrey, Hamid T. Al-Saad, Ahmed Rushdi

Erschienen in: Aerosol Optical Depth and Precipitation

Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

This chapter covers a comprehensive review of air pollution in the southern part of Iraq. Pollutants released into the atmosphere of various places within the geographic borders of this region included gaseous pollutants of CO, CO₂, NO_x, SO_x, O₃, suspended particles, hydrocarbons (mainly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), and heavy metals. This review showed that the main sources of these pollutants were oil industries, fossil fuel combustion, energy production, dust storms, transportation, industry, and public generators. Data from some studies indicated that these pollutants exceeded the national and international standard criteria. There was an increase in gaseous pollutants such as CO, NO_x, SO_x, and O₃ as a result of the intense use of fossil fuel combustion, industry, transportation, and electrical power generation. The increase of suspended particles in the air was mainly from burning fossil fuels, transportation modes, power generation, industrial activities such as brick manufacturing, and dust suspension by wind and dust storms. High concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were recorded as a result of oil production and refining in addition to power generation and the bricks industry. An increase in the heavy metals concentration such as Pb, Cr, Cu, Cd, Ni, Co, and Hg may have resulted from industrial activities such as the manufacture of bricks; oil industries; combustion of fossil fuels, power generation, traffic, and tires; and brakes wear. Some studies have indicated that the increase in the prevalence of many diseases, such as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, together with cancer cases in this region of Iraq, was due to pollutant increase in the atmosphere.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Source and Risk Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Ambient Air and Its Human Health Implications

Nächstes Kapitel Optical Characteristics and Radiative Effects of Anthropogenic and Natural Aerosols Over an Urban Area

Abdullah, A. S., & Hussien, H. H. (2014). Estimation of gaseous pollutants emitted from Al-Najybia Power Station in Basra. Journal of Thi-Qar Science, 4, 68–71.

Abo Rizq, H., Albaho, M., Christopher, A., & Thomas, B. (2008). Influence of Foliar dust deposition on Ficus Benjamina Variegata stomatal conductance. European Journal of Scientific Research, 20(3), 443–451.

Ajmi, R., Zeki, H., Ati, E., & Al-Newani, H. (2018). Monitoring of some heavy metals transboundary air pollution. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 13(23), 9862–9867.

Al-Ali, J. T. Kh., Hassan, AJ. Ch. And Al-Badran, B. N. A. (2001). Quantities of fallen dust at Basrah Governorate. Marine Mesopotamica, 16(2):261–272.

Al-Asadi, K. A. W. (1998). The influence of climatic factors on the major industries in Basra and their reflections on the environmental pollution. Ph.D. Thesis, College of Arts, University of Basra, 197. (In Arabic).

Al-Asadi, K. A., Alwaeli, A. A., & Kazem, H. A. (2015). Assessment of air pollution caused by oil investments in Basra Province-Iraq. Journal of the National Academy of Sciences, 4(1), 82–86.

Al-Gizzi, I. A., Al-Hejuje, M. M., & Nema, J. D. (2020). Concentration of some heavy metals emissions from electrical generators in air and green plants in Basrah City, Iraq. Biological and Applied Environmental Research, 4(2), 90–101.

Al-Hassan, S. I. (2014). Introduction to ecology and its problems (1st ed.). Dar Al Maaref for University Books.

Al-Hassen S. I. (2011). Environmental pollution in Basra City, Ph.D. thesis, College of Arts, University of Basra, p. 232.

Al-Hassen, S. I., Al-Qarroni, E. H., Qassim, M. H., Al-Saad, H. T., & Alhello, A. (2015a). An experimental study on the determination of air pollutant concentration released from selected outdoor gaseous, emission sources Basra city, southern Iraq. Journal of International Academic Research for Multidisciplinary, 3(1), 88–89. http://www.jiarm.com/FEB2015/paper19552. pdf

Al-Hassen, S. I., Sultan, A., Ateek, A., AL-Saad, H. T., Mahdi, A., & Alhello, A. (2015b). Spatial analysis on the concentrations of air pollutants in Basra Province (Southern Iraq). Open Journal of Air Pollution, 4, 139–148.CrossRef

Al-Imarah, F. J. M., Al-Mohameed, R. S. J., & Ibraheem, S. I. (2007). Extent of atmospheric pollution by some industrial emissions released from petrochemicals and gas liquefier industries in Khor Al-Zubair. Journal of Kerbala. Special Issue on the Annual Environment of Meeting of Babylon University, 1–6.

Al-kasser, M. (2018). Evaluation the level of some toxic pollutants in atmospheric total suspended particles in Al-Diwaniya City – Iraq. Ph.D. thesis. Faculty ofScience, University of Al-Qadisiyah.

Al-Kasser, M. K. (2021). Air pollution in Iraq sources and effects. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 790, 01201.

Al-Kasser, M., & Alkam, F. (2018a). Spatial and seasonal variation of atmospheric particulate matter heavy metals in Al-Diwaniyah City, Iraq. Indian Journal of Natural Sciences, 8(49), 24441–14498.

Al-Kasser, M., & Alkam, F. (2018b). Determination of atmospheric particulate matter polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Al-Diwaniyah City, Iraq. Advance Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Discoveries, 29(1), 1–4.

Al-Mayahi, A. K. A. (2005). Environmental analysis for parameters affecting in the quality of atmospheric pollutants for Basrah Governorate. M. Sc. Thesis, Department of Geography, College of Education, Basrah University, Basrah Iraq, pp. 241.

Al-Saad, H. T., Al-Imarah, F. J. M., Hassan, W. F., Jasim, A. H., & Hassan, I. F. (2010). Determination of some trace elements in the fallen dust on Basra Governorate. Basrah Journal of Science, 28, 243–252. http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=55085

Al-Saad, H. T., Kadhim, H. A., & Al-Hejuje, M. M. (2019). Air pollution assessment at West Qurna −1 oil felid at Basrah Governorate, southern Iraq. Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 6(7), 1–10.

Al-Sabbagh, M. R., Al-Muhyi, A. H., & Azeez, M. (2023). Methane and hydrocarbon emission rates from oil and gas production in the province of Basra, South of Iraq. In Ninth national conference on the environment and natural resources (NCENR-2023). IOP Conf. Series: Earth and environmental science 1215 (p. 012019). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1215/1/012019CrossRef

Bahino, J., Yoboue, V., Galy-Lacaux, C., Adon, M., Akpo, A., Keita, S., Liousse, C., Gardrat, E., Chiron, C., Ossohou, M., Gnamien, S., & Djossou, J. (2018). A pilot studyof gaseous pollutants’ measurement (NO2, SO2, NH3, HNO3 and O3) in Abidjan,Cote d’Ivoire: Contribution to an overview of gaseous pollution in African cities. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 18, 5173–5198.CrossRef

Ballard, M. (2001). World trade center dust, Its potential to interact with artifacts & works of art, http://aic.stanford.edu/health/wtc1.html

Bodor, K., Szép, R., Keresztesi, A., & Bodor, Z. (2023). Temporal evolution of PM2.5, PM10, and total suspended particles (TSP) in the Ciuc basin (Transylvania) with specific microclimate condition from 2010 to 2019. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(7), 798. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11407-2CrossRef

Briggs, D. (2003). Environmental pollution and the global burden of disease. British Medical Bulletin, 68(1), 1–24.CrossRef

Chlopek, Z., Suchocka, K., Dudek, M., & Jakubowski, A. (2016). Hazards posed bypolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contained in the dusts emitted from motor vehiclebraking systems. Archives of Environmental Protection, 42(3), 3–10.CrossRef

Daher, N. (2013). Size-resolved Particulate Matter (PM) in urban areas: Toxico-chemical characteristics, sources, trends and health implications. Ph.D. thesis. Faculty of The USC Graduate School, University of Southern California.

Douabul, A. A., Al-Maarofi, S. S., Al-Saad, H. T., & Al-Hassen, S. I. (2013). Gaseous pollutants in Basra City, Iraq. Air, Soil and Water Research, 6, 15–21. https://doi.org/10.4137/ASWR.S10835CrossRef

Duffus, J. (2002). Heavy metals - a meaningless term. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 74(5), 793–807.CrossRef

Ewaid, S. H., Abed, S. A., Abbas, A. J., & Al-Ansari, N. (2020). Estimation the virtual water content and the virtual water transfer for Iraqi wheat. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1664., 1st international virtual conference on pure science 10th–11th June 2020, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1664/1/012143

Garabedian, S. A. (2008). Levels of some trace metals in falling dust at Basrah Governorate, Southern Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 23(2), 279–286.

Garabedian, S. A. K. (2010). Study of the main pollutants of air caused by transportation in Basra. Proceedings of the scientific conference of marine science center and the national specialized workshop on oceanography, 23–24 December 2008, pp. 125–136. (In Arabic).

Hashim, K. S. (2012). Studying of dust deposits quantity in Babylon Governorate/ Iraq during year 2008. Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences, 4(20), 1062–1070.

Hassan, W. F., Hassan, I. F., Al-Khuzaie, D. K., et al. (2016). Monitoring of air quality in Shaibah in Basra city/Iraq. The first of international conference on Dust 2–4 March 2016, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran Paper No. 900.

Hassan, W. F., Hassan, I. F., Al-Khuzaie, D. K., Abdulnabi, Z. A., Khalaf, H. H., Kzaal, R. S., & Almansour, W. I. (2017). Monitoring of trace elements in dust fallout in Shaibah, Basrah city, Iraq. Mesopotamia Environmental Journal, 4(1), 35–41.

Jeje, J., & Oladepo, K. (2014). Assessment of heavy metals of boreholes and hand dug wells in Ife north local government area of Osun State, Nigeria. International Journal of Science & Technology, 3(4), 209–214.

Kadhem, J. A., Reza, K. S., & Ahmed, W. K. (2017). Alternative fuel use in Iraq: A way to reduce air pollution. European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research, 2(5), 20–30.

Kampa, M., & Castanas, E. (2008). Human health effects of air pollution. Environmental Pollution, 151(2), 362–367.CrossRef

Karem, D. S., Hamzah, I., Kadhim, A., & Al-Saad, H. T. (2016). Study the air pollution in West Qurna-2 oil field Southern Iraq. Journal of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Biological Sciences, 4(3), 416–430.

Karmalla, H. A., Al-Hassen, S. I., Adam, R. S., & Qassim, M. H. (2013). A cartographic representation to levels and impacts of carbon monoxide pollutant in Basra City, Southern Iraq. Journal of Thi-Qar Science, 4, 105–115. (In Arabic).

Khattak, M. N. (1982). Inorganic constituents in Dhahran atmospheric aerosols. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 32(2), 176–176.CrossRef

Królak, E. (2001). Heavy metal content in falling dusts, Soil and dandelion, EJPAU, 4(1), 1–12.

Kssam, M. H. (2011). A geographic analysis for air pollution problem in AL- Zuber City and its healthy effects. A Master thesis College of Arts University of Basra.

Larsen, J. C., & Larsen, P. B. (1996). Chemical carcinogens. In R. E. Hester & R. M. Harrison (Eds.), Air pollution and health (p. 44–52). RSC.

Manisalidis, I., Stavropoulou, E., Stavropoulos, A., & Bezirtzoglou, E. (2020). Environmental and health impacts of air pollution: A review. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 14.CrossRef

Megainey, C. (1999). Introduction to environmental protection. In W. H. Bassett (Ed.), Clay’s handbook of environmental health (18th ed., pp. 684–703). E & FN Spon.

Moran-Zuloaga, D., Merchan-Merchan, W., Rodríguez-Caballero, E., Hernick, P., Cáceres, J., & Cornejo, M. H. (2021). Overview and seasonality of PM10 and PM2.5 in Guayaquil. Ecuador. Aerosol Science and Engineering, 5(4), 499–515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41810-021-00117-2CrossRef

Morawska, L., & Salthammer, T. (Eds.). (2006). Indoor environment: Airborne particles and settled dust. Wiley.

Qassim, M. H. (2011). A geographic analysis for air pollution problem in Al-Zubayr City and its healthy effects. M.A. Thesis, College of Arts, University of Basra, Basra, 180.

Rabee, A. M. (2015). Estimating the health risks associated with air pollution in Baghdad City, Iraq. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187, 1–12.CrossRef

Sardar, K., Ali, S., Hameed, S., Afzal, S., Fatima, S., Shakoor, M., Bharwana, S., & Tauqeer, H. (2013). Heavy metals contamination and what are the impacts on living organisms. Greener Journal of Environmental Management and Public Safety, 2(4), 172–179.CrossRef

Schutz, L., & Rahn, K. (1982). Trace element concentrations in erodible soils. Atmospheric Environment, 16(1), 171–176.CrossRef

Sharma, R., Kumar, R., Sharma, D. K., Son, L. H., Priyadarshini, I., Pham, B. T., et al. (2019). Inferring air pollution from air quality index by different geographical areas: Case study in India. Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health, 12(11), 1347–1357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-019-00749-xCrossRef

Shehabalden, S. H., & Azeez, N. M. (2017). Air quality index over Basra province, South of Iraq. International Journal of Technologies: Research & Applications, 5(2), 112–114.

Singh, & Mosely, L. M. (2003). Trace metal levels in drinking water on viti levui Fiji Islands. Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 21, 31–34.

Spellman, F. R. (2017). The science of environmental pollution (p. 425). CRC Press.CrossRef

Srogi, K. (2007). Monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons: A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 5, 169–195.CrossRef

Sultan, A. A., Al-Hassen, S. I., Ateeq, A. A., & Al-Saad, H. T. (2013). Ambient air quality in the industrial area of Khor Al-Zubayr, Southern Iraq. Journal of Petroleum Research & Studies, 4, 1–11. http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=87876CrossRef

Suryati, I., Khair, H., & Gusrianti, D. (2019). Distribution analysis of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O₃) in Medan city with Geographic Information System(GIS). MATEC Web of Conferences, 276, 6013. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconfCrossRef

Taher, H. Z., Azeez, N. M., & Najim, S. A. (2023a). Monitoring of the heavy metals by using pholcidae spider webs in Basrah Province. The Seybold Report, 18. I0 6, 1852–1859. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/K9ZWSCrossRef

Taher, H. Z., Azeez, N. M., & Najim, S. A. (2023b). Poly aromatic hydrocarbons accumulated on Pholcidea Spider Webs in Basra Province. Fifth international conference for agricultural and environment sciences. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1158(2023), 032006. IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1158/3/032006CrossRef

Tasic, M., Rajsic, S., Novakovic, V., & Mijic, Z. (2006). Atmospheric aerosols and their influence on air quality in urban areas. Physics, Chemistry and Technology, 4(1), 83–91.

UNEP. (2013). Desk study on the environment in Iraq, First published in Switzerland in 2003 by the United Nations Environment Programme. ISBN 92–1–158628-3. http://www.unep.org

Wan, D., Han, Z., Yang, J., Yang, G., & Liu, X. (2016). Heavy metal pollution in settled dust associated with different urban functional areas in a heavily air-polluted city in North China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13, 1–13.CrossRef

WHO (World Health Organization). (2000). Air quality guidelines for Europe (2nd ed.). WHO Regional Publications, European Series, No. 91.

Youssef, R. M., Ismail, K. A., & Bashir, F. (2007). Modeling by simulation to describe the spread of radioactive pollutants. Journal of Surra Man Ra'a, 3(8), 153–169.

Titel: Air Pollution in the Southern Part of Iraq and Its Health Risks
verfasst von: Nader A. Salman
Maha K. Al-Mishrey
Hamid T. Al-Saad
Ahmed Rushdi
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Buch: Aerosol Optical Depth and Precipitation
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-55835-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-55836-8

Copyright-Jahr: 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55836-8_6