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4. As American Women: In America—on Main Street

verfasst von : Shelby Shapiro

Erschienen in: Words to the Wives

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Abstract

This chapter deals with the attitudes of the various publications toward women in the broader American framework: not as Jews, but as women, going from institutions to issues. Specifically, it contrasts and compares attitudes toward women working and getting an education. This chapter concludes with a comparison of the publications’ attitudes toward the struggle for a fundamental attribute of citizenship: the right to vote. The only one of the five journals which did not consider the struggle for women’s suffrage was Froyen zhurnal; it began publication after that battle had been won.

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Vorheriges Kapitel On the Women’s Pages: Assimilation and Americanization

Nächstes Kapitel As Jewish Women: In America—On the Jewish Street

Peter Gabriel Filene, Him/Her/Self: Sex Roles in Modern America (NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974), 241.

Lena Rozenherts, “Ferhayrathee un unferhayrathe froyen,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 20/January 1915.

“Di ekonomishe lage fun der idisher froy,” Di froyen-velt, July 1913, 3–4.

“Di ekonomishe lage fun der idisher froy,” Di froyen-velt, August 1913, 3.

“Di froyen-velt,” Di froyen-velt, April 1913, 4.

B. Kalish, “Likht un shoten fun der froyen-velt,” Froyen zhurnal (August 1923): 6; on the fight of female teachers with children to remain employed in the school system, see “Miss sereh breslau,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 16/December 1914.

On A. Vohliner (nee Eliezer Landau), see Elias Schulman, Leksikon fun forverts shrayber (NY: Forward Association, 1986), 25; Z. Diament, “Vohliner, a,” Leksikon fun der nayer yidisher literatur, Ephraim Auerbach, Moshe Starkman, and Isaac Charlash, eds., vol. 3, 553–554 (NY: Congress for Jewish Culture, Inc., 1960).

“Froyen besheftigt in mener profesiionen,” Di froyen-velt, 15/February 1914.

“Di ekonomishe lage fun der idisher froy,” Di froyen-velt, July 1913, 3–4; “Di ekonomishe lage fun der idisher froy,” Di froyen-velt, August 1913, 3.

See, for example, Bertha Broido, “In der froyen velt,” Froyen zhurnal, June 1922, ´6; Bertha Broido, “In der froyen velt,” Froyen zhurnal, September 1922, 7; Bertha Broido, “In der froyen velt,” Froyen zhurnal, October 1922, 9; Robert E. Park, “Foreign Language Press and Social Progress,” American Journal of Sociology 29 (November 1923): 7; Bertha Broido, “In der froyen velt,” Froyen zhurnal, March 1923, 7; Bertha Broido, “In der froyen velt,” Froyen zhurnal, September 1923, 8.

Bertha Broido, “In der froyen velt,” Froyen zhurnal, August 1922, 7; see, also, Current Opinion, “Two Female Figures on the Political Horizon,” Current Opinion, July-December 1922, 42–45 Bertha Broido, “In der Froyen Velt” (1922), 7; on Robertson, see Grant Foreman, “The Hon. Alice M. Robertson,” Chronicles of Oklahoma 10, no. 1 (March 1932): 13–17; on Huck, see Louise M. Young, “Huck, Winnifred Sprague Mason (Sept. 14, 1882–Aug. 24, 1936),” in Notable American Women 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary, vol. 1, Edward T. James, Janet Wilson James, and Paul S. Boyer, eds., 231–33 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971).

Bertha Broido, “In der froyen velt,” Froyen zhurnal, July 8, 1922, 6; Bertha Broido, “In der froyen velt,” Froyen zhurnal, October 1922, 9; Bertha Broido, “In der froyen velt,” Froyen zhurnal, November 1922, 9; Bertha Broido, “In der froyen velt,” Froyen zhurnal, December 1922, 9; Bertha Broido, “In der froyen velt,” Froyen zhurnal, January 1923, 8.

Esther Cohen, “We Girls Who Work,” Froyen zhurnal, August 1922, 61.

Victor Mirsky, “Intime geshprekhen,” Froyen zhurnal, October 1923, 18.

See, for example, “Der vumen sofrdzsh amendment,” Der tog, 12/September 1917; Eliash, “Ver far vemen?” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 31/January 1918; “Di konduktorkes zeynen ollrayt,” Forverts, 1/March 1918; “Notitsen fun der froyen-velt,” Forverts, 10/November 1918; Rae Malis [Rae Raskin], “Froyen fardinerins,” Der tog, 12/February 1919; Adella Kean Zametkin, “In der froyen velt,” Der tog, 26/February 1919; Adella Kean, “In der froyen velt,” Der tog, 7/September 1921.

Eliash, “Di froy tsum nayem yohr,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 1/January 1917; S. N., “Di milkhome un di froyen arbeyt,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 4/June 1917; “Finf milion froyen arbeyter in england,” Forverts, 7/October 1917; B. Albin, “Di froyen-frage in eyropa nokh dem krieg,” Der tog, 25/August 1916; Sofia Brandt, “Vos kenen froyen gevinen fun krig?” Der tog, 27/February 1917; “Di konduktorkes zeynen ollrayt,” Forverts, 1/March 1918; Yetta Gold, “Di froy vert a fihrerin in klal-arbeyt,” Forverts, 31/August 1919.

Eliash, “Froyen velen behershen di velt nokh der milkhome,” Dos ydishes tageblatt, 17/August 1916; “Der froyen-vout,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 20/August 1916.

“Di milkhome hot befrayt di froyen,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 26/October 1918; see, also, Rae Malis, “Der froy’s befrayung,” Der tog, 16/July 1918.

“Der kamf far froyen-shtimrekht in kongress,” Der tog, 1/July 1918.

L. Borodulin, “Froyen als mashinisten un mekhaniker,” Der tog, 21/January 1919; on Borodulin, see Shmuel Niger and Jacob Shatzky, “Borodulin, lazar,” in Der leksikon fun der nayer yidisher literatur, vol. 1, Shmuel Niger, Jacob Shatzky, and Moshe Starkman, eds., 232 (New York: Congress for Jewish Culture, Inc., 1956).

“Notitsen fun der froyen-velt,” Forverts, 18/January 1925; see, also, Dorothy Thomas, “Gilbert, Susan Brandeis (1893–1975),” in Jewish Women in America: A Historical Encyclopedia, Paula E. Hyman and Deborah Dash Moore, eds., 311–12 (New York: Routledge, 1997).

Adella Kean Zametkin, “In der froyen velt,” Der tog, 30/December 1918; Adella Kean Zametkin, “In der froyen velt,” Der tog, 13/January 1919; Z. Alexander, “Di froy in der industrie nokh’n krieg,” Der tog, 27/January 1919; Adella Kean Zametkin, “In der froyen velt,” Der tog, 3/March 1919

Adella Kean Zametkin, “In der froyen velt,” Der tog, 26/February 1919.

Filene, Him/Her/Self, 24.

“Zi shraybt bikher ber hoykhe visenshaftlikhe enyonim un iz fundestvegen a gute erihenrin fun ihre 10 kinder,” Der tog, 29/July 1921.

Rachel B. Muravchik, “Zeynen froyen veniger fehig vi mener?” Forverts, 15/April 1923.

Z. Diament, “Muravtshik, rokhl,” in Der leksikon fun der nayer yidisher literatur, vol. 5, Ephraim Auerbach, Moshe Starkman, and Isaac Charlash, eds., 553–54 (New York: Congress for Jewish Culture, Inc., 1963).

Judith Kopf, “A skuhl vu idishe meydlekh kenen zikh lernen fray a treyd,” Forverts, 22/May 1923; Judith Kopf, “A hai skuhl vu meydlekh knen zikh lernen a treyd,” Forverts, 1/June 1923; Judith Kopf, “A skuhl vu men lerent di veber treyd,” Forverts, 7/June 1923.

“Di nyu yorker shule vos greyt tsu froyen far politsay-dienst,” Der tog, 6/August 1921.

Bertha Broido, “In der froyen velt,” Froyen zhurnal, March 1923, 7.

Bertha Broido, “In der froyen velt,” Froyen zhurnal, June-July 1923, 5.

Bertha Broido, “In der froyen velt,” Froyen zhurnal, August 1923, 7.

“Notitsen fun der froyen-velt,” Forverts, 21/June 1925.

“Notitsen fun der froyen-velt,” Forverts, 7/June 1925.

“Eretz Yisroel Atmosphere,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 11/August 1920.

Y. Pfeffer, “Beraytet far ayere tekhter,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 1/October 1918.

Oscar S. Caplan, “Prospects for Women in the Professions,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 29/August 1919.

I. L. Bril, “Why Girls Leave Home,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 28/September 1920.

“Tsu fiel bildung bay unzere kinder,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 9/September 1922.

H., “Froyen vos fargesen az zey zeynen froyen,” Der tog, 22/December 1918; see, also, H. “A froy vos ferdient gute shmits,” Der tog, 25/May 1916.

Cf. Charles Rosenberg and Carol Smith-Rosenberg, “The Female Animal: Medical and Biological Views of Women and Her Role in Nineteenth Century America,” Journal of American History 60, 2 (September 1973): 332–356, reprinted in Women and Health in America, ed. Judith Walzer Leavitt, 1st ed., 12–27, 2nd ed., 111–130 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984, 1999).

H., “Vegen di tekhter fun orime arbeyter,” Der tog, 18/July 1919.

H., “Der froy’s plats in der gezelshaft,” Der tog, 13/April 1920.

Ch., “Zol zi shtudiren oder khasene hoben,” Der tog, 27/July 1922; Ch., “Tsi darf a meydel makhen a kariere?” Der tog, 21/February 1923; see, also, I. Sonino [Joel Slonim], “Zol men meydlakh lernen profesies oder nit?” Der tog, 12/August 1925.

See, for example, Isabelle Lacoue-Labarthe and Helen Tomlinson, “The emergence of Jewish ‘feminist consciousness,’” Clio, Women, Gender, History 44 (2016): 99–100.

Mordecai Dantzis, “Di role fun froyen in itsigen kempein,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 25/October 1922.

Nancy Burkhalter, “Women’s Magazines and the Suffrage Movement: Did They Help or Hinder the Cause?” Journal of American Culture 19, no. 2 (Summer 1996): 13, 19–21, 22.

Salme Harju Steinberg, Reformer in the Marketplace: Edward W. Bok and the Ladies’ Home Journal (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979), 68.

Burkhalter, “Women’s Magazines and the Suffrage Movement,” 19, 21.

Burkhalter, “Women’s Magazines and the Suffrage Movement,” 20, 22 (Tables 4 and 5).

“Di froyen-velt,” D froyen-velt, April 1913, 4.

“Froyen delegatsion bay prezident vilson,” Di froyen-velt, 4/February 1914, 3.

“Der kampf far di rekhte fun froyen,” Di froyen-velt, 8/February 1914.

Ben-Zion, “Di emese bedaytung fun dem froyen-zieg in kongres,” Forverts, 2/October 1917; Adella Kean, “In der froyen velt,” Der tog, 1/July 1918; “Der prezident’s vort far froyen-rekht,” Der tog, 1/October 1918; “Notitsen fun der froyen-velt,” Forverts, 17/August 1919; “Notitsen fun der froyen-velt,” Forverts, 21/September 1919; “Notitsen fun der froyen-velt,” Forverts, 14/March 1920; Avigidor Fuchs, “Sofreydzsh, prohibishon un politik,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 24/March 1920.

Di Litvishe Khakheymnis [Getzel Zelikowitch], “Froyen vout in der vest un di dame in kongres,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 3/November 1916 Eliash, “A froy in kongres,” Dos ydishes tageblatt, 10/November 1916; “Froy ‘kongresman’ vet fertreten froyen interesen,” Der tog, 12/November 1916; “Di ershte kongres-leydi,” Der tog, 14/November 1916; Eliash, “Vote for women suffrage,” Dos ydishes tageblatt, 6/September 1916 (column in Yiddish, headline in English) B. Feigenbaum, “Oys kongres leydi!” Forverts, 3/September 1918; Ben-Zion, “Tsvey froyen als kandidaten far dem senat fun di yunated steyts,” Forverts, 29/October 1918.

“Di ershte froy kongresman,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 16/November 1916.

B., “Di ershte kongres-leydi,” Der tog, 11/November 1916.

“Vaybershe hunger-strayks in england,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 11/June 1914; “A tog skandalen fun sofrazshets,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 8/July 1914; “A frage fun gerekhtigkeyt,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 15/January 1915; Lena Rozenherts, “Shklafins vos vilen nit befrayt veren,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 29/January 1915; “Sofreydzsh in milkhome-tsayten,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 20/July 1917.

Di Litvishe Khakheymnis, “Di sofradzshetkes in london,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 11/June 1914.

“Nit beser, nor glaykh,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 25/October 1915.

“Froyen in krieg,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 26/November 1917.

“Der vaybershe tog un di ‘voirking goyrl,’” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 4/May 1914; “A frage fun gerekhtigkeyt,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 15/January 1915; “Di gegner fun shtimrekht fir froyen,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 21/October 1915.

“Di vayber vos vouten un di vos velen vouten,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 5/February 1914.

”Amerikaner frayhheyt un di iden,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 4/July 1915; see, also, Morris Kramer, “Independence Day,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 4/July 1916.

“A frage fun gerekhtigkeyt,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 15/January 1915; see, also, H., “Identum un di glaykhe rekhte far froyen,” Der tog, 26/April 1917, for an argument based on Jewish religious texts.

A. Sofer, “Der aynflus fun froyen oyf der veltgeshikhte,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 1/November 1915.

“Di egiptishe printsesin vos hot mit 4 toyzent yohr tsurik gekemfpf far froyen-glaykhbarekhtigung,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 11/April 1923.

Eliash, “Di froy in regierung,” Dos ydishes tageblatt, 2/May 1915; Eliash, “A froy als prezident,” Dos ydishes tageblatt, 4/July 1916; Eliash, “Ven froyen fihren,” Dos ydishes tageblatt, 27/June 1918.

Eliash, “Vote for women suffrage,” Dos ydishes tageblatt, 6/September 1916 (column in Yiddish, headline in English).

Eliash, “Froyen-frayhayt nokh’n krieg,” Dos ydishes tageblatt, 12/April 1917.

Eliash, “Zieg far froyen, ehre far mener,” Dos ydishes tageblatt, 2/November 1915.

A. R. [Avrom Radutski], “In der froyen velt,” Der tog, 13/October 1915.

A. R. [Avrom Radutski], “In der froyen velt,” Der tog, 27/September 1915; see, also, Ben-Zion, “Di freyd fun di sofradzshetkes mit dem prezident’s erklehrung vegen froyen-rekht,” Forverts, 24/June 1918.

N. B. Minkoff, “Abraham radutski,” in Pionern fun yidisher poezye in amerike, dos sotsial lid, vol. 2 (NY: N. B. Minkoff, 1956), 105–110, 114–117.

Lena Rozenherts, “Di froy un milkhome,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 3/August 1914.

Di Litvishe Khakheymnis, “Vos men ken ervarten fun nekhsten froyen vout,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 11/November 1917; see, also, Di Litvishe Khakheymnis, “Ven froyen volten gehot politishe glyaykheyt vi zey,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 27/September 1915; Di Litvishe Khakheymnis, “Froyen zukhen zeyer plats in di felker lieg,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 7/September 1919.

Yitzhak Isaac ben Aryeh Tsvi Halevy, “Shtim-rekht far froyen,” Der tog, 7/September 1915.

Adella Kean, “In der froyen velt,” Der tog, 24/May 1922.

Adella Kean Zametkin, “In der froyen velt,” Der tog, 23/September 1918.

“Notitsen fun der froyen-velt,” Forverts, 21/December 1919.

H., “Religion un visenshaft vegen froyen-rekht,” Der tog, 30/June 1915; H., “Farvos zsheri hot geshtimt gegen froyen,” Der tog, 21/October 1915; H., “Di khesroynes un di mayles fun der froy,” Der tog, 26/October 1915; H., “Di froy mit glaykhe politishe rekhte,” Der tog, 29/October 1916; H., “Unzere patriotishe froyen fun amerika,” Der tog, 11/February 1917; H., “Der emes vegen kinder-arbeyt un froyen-arbeyt,” Der tog, 26/March 1917; H., “Di emese bedaytung fun froyen-shtimrekht,” Der tog, 13/November 1917.

H., “Der aynflus fun der froy-birgerin,” Der tog, 21/June 1918.

H., “Vos di froy vet thon far der tsukunft,” Der tog, 5/December 1915.

H., “A froy vos ferdient gute shmits,” Der tog, 25/May 1916.

H., “Der feranvortlikhkeyt fun der froy farn gezets,” Der tog, 22/July 1915; see, also, “Der senat un froyen-shtimrekht,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 3/October 1918.

H., “An algemayner strayk fun di froyen,” Der tog, 22/August 1915.

Aileen S. Kraditor, The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1890–1920 (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1965), 29–31, 66–67, 110–11, 137.

H., “Di khesroynes un di mayles fun der froy,” Der tog, 26/October 1915; H., “Vos froyen kenen lernen fun heti grin,” Der tog, 6/July 1916; H., “Vi gebildete froyren makhen zikh narish,” Der tog, 14/December 1916; H., “Froyen vos fargesen az zey zeynen froyen,” Der tog, 22/December 1918.

H.,“Religion un visenshaft vegen froyen-rekht,” Der tog, 30/June 1915.

H., “Di froy mit glaykhe politishe rekhte,” Der tog, 29/October 1916.

H., “Di khesroynes un di mayles fun der froy,” Der tog, 26/October 1915.

H., “Froyen als soldaten in itisigen krieg,” Der tog, 25/June 1915.

H., “Religion un visenshaft vegen froyen-rekht,” Der tog, 30/June 1915.

H., “Froyen vos fershtehen nit zikh arayn,” Der tog, 15/October 1915.

Rosa Lebensboym, “Di froyen un der krieg,” Der tog, 25/June 1915; see, also, Rosa Lebensboym, “In der froyen velt,” Der tog, 7/May 1915.

Sofia Brandt, “A ‘toyten-legion’ fun amerikaner froyen,” Der tog, 28/August 1917; in 1918, Isaac Don Levine transcribed the autobiography of Maria “Yashka” Botchkareva, the Battalion’s commander, see ”Levine, Isaac Don,” in Biographical Encyclopaedia of American Jews 1935, ed. Leo M. Glassman, 317; for a comparison of women as the “weaker sex” and the existence of the Women’s Battalion of Death, see Rosa Goldshteyn, “Dos shvakhe geshlekht,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 14/November 1922.

“Di politishe un sotsialistishe flikht fun di arbeyter-froyen,” Forverts, 23/May 1918.

Shakhne Epstein, “Di arbeyter-froyen der sotsialistisher kampeyn,” Forverts, August 5/November 1916; Ben-Zion, “Di emese bedaytung fun dem froyen-zieg in kongres,” Forverts, 2/October 1917; “Agitirt far froyen-shtimrekht,” Forverts, 26/October 1917; “Tsu velkhe politisher partey velen di naye froyen-vouters tsushtehn?” Forverts, 4/December 1917; “Froyen! Di sotsialistishe partay iz ayer partay! Enrolt zikh,” Forverts, 19/May 1918; “Der bill vegen froyen shtimrekht morgen in senat,” Forverts, 14/August 1918; “Di froyen in dem itsigen vahl-kampf,” Forverts, 17/October 1918.

100

“Di froyen-zieg iz a zieg fun der sotsialistisher bavegung,” Forverts, 15/November 1917.

101

Adella Kean, “In der froyen velt,” Der tog, 10/March 1920; see, also, Adella Kean, “In der froyen velt,” Der tog, 12/April 1920.

102

Mari Jo Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 1870–1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981), xiv.

103

Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 12.

104

Conolly-Smith, Translating America, 40.

105

Sally M. Miller, “For White Men Only: The Socialist Party of America and Issues of Gender, Ethnicity and Race,” Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 2, no. 3 (July 2003): 283.

106

Ira Kipnis, The American Socialist Movement: 1897–1912 (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1952), 260; see, also, Linda Gordon Kuzmack, Woman’s Cause: The Jewish Woman’s Movement in England and the United States, 1881–1933 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1990), 121; Elinor Lerner, “Jewish Involvement in the New York City Woman Suffrage Movement,” American Jewish History 70, no. 4 (June 1981): 453.

107

Kipnis, The American Socialist Movement, 262; Miller, “For White Men Only,’287; McCune, “The Whole Wide World Without Limits, 73; see, also, Sally M. Miller, “Other Socialists: Native-Born and Immigrant Women in the Socialist Party of America, 1901–1917,” Labor History 24, no. 1 (Winter 1983): 85.

108

Kipnis, The American Socialist Movement, 263.

109

Kipnis, The American Socialist Movement, 265.

110

For Theresa Malkiel, see Emily Taitz, “Malkiel, Theresa Sperber (1874–1949),” in Jewish Women in America: A Historical Encyclopedia, Paula E. Hyman and Deborah Dash Moore, eds. (New York: Routledge, 1997), 885; Kuzmack, Women’s Cause, 122.

111

Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 171, 300, 308–10; Kipnis, The American Socialist Movement, 263–64; Miller, “For White Men Only,” 287; McCune, “The Whole Wide World Without Limits,” 73; see, also, Sally M. Miller, “Other Socialists: Native-Born and Immigrant Women in the Socialist Party of America, 1901–1917,” Labor History 24, no. 1 (Winter 1983): 85.

112

Buhle, Women and American Socialism, 171.

113

Miller, “For White Men Only,” 289.

114

“Notitsen fun der froyen-velt,” Forverts, 28/April 1918.

115

See, also, Sally M. Miller, “From Sweatshop Worker to Labor Leader: Theresa Malkiel, a Case Study,” American Jewish History 68, no. 2 (December 1978): 189–205.

116

“Notitsen fun der froyen-velt,” Forverts, 11/October 1925.

117

See, for example, I. M. Budish, “Froyen shtimrekht,” Der tog, 17/February 1915; M. Katz, “Iden un froyen-vohlrekht,” Der tog, 9/October 1915; Eliash, “Far froyen frayhayt,” Dos ydishes tageblatt, 10/June 1917; Dr I. Vartsman, “Vegen froyen rekht in amerika,” Der tog, 25/July 1917; Eliash, “Gegen froyen-glaykhheyt,” Dos ydishes tageblatt, 20/September 1917; Rae Malis, “Di froyen mit layb un leben in politik,” Der tog, 23/December 1917; Eliash, “Ver far vemen?” Dos ydishes tageblatt, 31/January 1918.

118

A. Sofer, “Naye ‘gefahr’ fir der gezelshaft,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 31/August 1915.

119

Morris Kramer, “Woman Suffrage,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 1/November 1915.

120

Morris Kramer, “Raising the Standard,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 4/July 1917.

121

Rachel Rojanski, “Socialist Ideology, Traditional Rhetoric: Images of Women In Yiddish Socialist Dailies, 1918–1922,” American Jewish History 93, no. 3 (September 2007): 333.

122

Rojanski, “Socialist Ideology, Traditional Rhetoric,” 336 (emphasis added).

123

Eliash, “A froy als prezident,” Dos ydishes tageblatt, 4/July 1916.

124

Eliash, “Di froy tsum nayem yohr,” Dos ydishes tageblatt, 1/January 1917.

125

Maxine S. Seller, “Defining Socialist Womanhood: The Women’s Page of the Jewish Daily Forward in 1919,” American Jewish History 76, no. 4 (June 1987): 416–438.

126

Maxine S. Seller, “World of Our Mothers: The Women’s Page of the Jewish Daily Forward,” Journal of Ethnic Studies 16, no. 2 (Summer 1988): 97.

127

Hillel Rogoff, “Der zieg fun di froyen in niu york steyt,” Forverts, 9/November 1917; Hillel Rogoff, “Di naye froyen vouters un di politishe parteyen,” Forverts, 18/November 1917; “Tsu froyen un meydlekh,” Forverts, 18/March 1918; “Froyen, kumt tsu dize mitingen! Men vet aykh dort erklehren vegen ayer spetsialen froyen-enrolment tog,” Forverts, 21/May 1918; B. Levitan, “Farvos diezer shabos iz azoy vikhtig far froyen,” Forverts, 23/May 1918; “Di froyen in dem itsigen vahl-kampf,” Forverts, 17/October 1918; “Vert birger!” Forverts, 15/April 1919; “Froyen heren nit oyf tsu arbeyten in di interesen fun zeyer geshlekht,” Der tog, 16/May 1921; Adella Kean, “In der froyen velt,” Der tog, 2/November 1921; Mordecai Dantzis, “Di idishe froy als birgerin,” Froyen zhurnal, September 1922, 51.

128

“‘Damen-rekht’ un froyen rekht,” Forverts, 11/November 1917; “Froyen, diezen shabos iz ayer enrolment tog,” Forverts, 23/May 1918; Sadie Vinokur, “Di idishe froyen vuterins velen entshayden dem speshel elekshon,” Forverts, 22/August 1920.

129

“Froyen, nemt zikh ernst!” Forverts, 17/May 1918.

130

“Notitsen fun der froyen-velt,” Forverts, 31/October 1920.

131

“Notitsen fun der froyen-velt,” Forverts, 29/November 1925.

132

V. Grinberg, “Dos ferbrekhen fun nit vouten,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 9/October 1924.

133

Out of thirty-one “Froyen klobs” columns in Der tog, Adella Kean wrote about the advantages of such clubs for the exercise of suffrage in five: February 4, 1920, February 18, 1920, March 12, 1920, March 19, 1920, and April 29, 1920; Adella Kean, “Farvos froyen nemen zeyere naye birger flikhten a sakh ernster vi di mener,” Der tog, 4/October 1922; see, also, Adella Kean, “Vos di hayntige froyen-klubs tuen on,” Der tog, 26/November 1924; “Ver, ven un vi azoy men shtimt bay di elekshons,” Forverts, 14/July 1918.

134

Rae Raskin, “Tsu vos darfen froyen politik?” Froyen zhurnal, December 1922, 16.

135

Rae Raskin, “Dos gezets un di froy,” Froyen zhurnal, January 1923, 11; Rae Raskin, “Di organizirte froy,” Froyen zhurnal, February 1923, 11; Rae Raskin, “Vi azoy men grindet an organizatsie,” Froyen zhurnal, March 1923, 8; additional promised articles on parliamentary procedure did not appear.

136

“Notitsen fun der froyen-velt,” Forverts, 23/January 1921.

137

“Notitsen fun der froyen-velt,” Forverts, 31/March 1918; “Froyen birgerins fun nyu york vos vilen shtimen in di praymeris darfen zikh unbedingt enrolen morgen,” Der tog, 24/May 1918; “Sotsialisten arranzshiren klasen far froyen,” Forverts, 22/June 1918; Adella Kean, “In der froyen velt,” Der tog, 6/September 1920; “Velkhe froyen kenen veren amerikaner birgerins?” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 5/March 1924; “Citizenship and Jewish Education,” Der tog, 19/June 1924; I. L. Bril, “Getting Out the Vote,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 3/October 1924.

138

Ezra, “Der froyen-vout in dem kampein,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 5/November 1916.

Titel: As American Women: In America—on Main Street
verfasst von: Shelby Shapiro
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Buch: Words to the Wives
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-49940-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-49941-8

Copyright-Jahr: 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49941-8_4