Basic Concept and a Short Review on Electric Vehicle and Vehicle to Grid Technology for Grid Stabilization

In this paper, basic concept of the electrical vehicle is a less or zero-emission vehicle and the vehicle to grid technology is a grid stabilization. Electric Vehicle (EVs) creates a new era in the automobile sector. Conventional vehicles run on the Internal Combustion (IC) Engine. This IC Engine is powered by the burning of crude oils such as petrol, diesel, etc. The burning of fossil fuels emits toxic substances into the environment such as carbon-di-oxide (CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), etc. The majority of the world’s petroleum products are burnt by the automobile sector. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and carbon monoxide (CO) are the two main greenhouse gases (GHG) responsible for the greenhouse effects. According to the current statistics, in India, conventional vehicles emit particulate matter (PM2.5) nearly 20–30% yearly 290 gigagrams of particulate matter (PM2.5). Along with this, about 8% of greenhouse gas (GH G) is emitted by the transportation sector which is exceeded 30% in Delhi. This pollution drives us to move toward negative emission technology, and from here, EV concept is introduced. Pure EV is a zero-emission vehicle. Some electric vehicle works along with the IC Engine this is named Hybrid Electric Vehicle. There are different types of electric vehicles (EVs) (1) Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), (2) Plugged in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), (3) Battery electric vehicle (BEV). Among all three types of battery, electric vehicle (BEVs) fully depends upon the high-capacity rechargeable battery pack. Other types of vehicles are fuel cell vehicles (FCV) and solar power vehicles. These vehicles not only reduce the emission of carbon dioxide (CO₂) but also reduce the dependency on fossil fuel in the transportation sector. When large numbers of EVs are connected to the grid by the charging station for charging the battery during the peak-load period then there is a certain possibility of grid destabilization. To solve this, problem the Vehicle to Grid (V2G) technology concept has been introduced. When the EVs are parked in the parking lot during the peak demand period then with the help of a charge controller the extra stored charge in the battery is fed back to the grid or the specified building to supply the excess power during the peak period. During the off-peak hours, the vehicle gets charged from the grid.