Chaos, Complexity and Leadership 2016

This paper introduces three methods for approximating distribution of weighted sum of exponential variates. These methods are useful for transforming chance constraints into their equivalent deterministic constraints when the technologic coefficients are exponential random variables. Hence, the equivalent deterministic constraint is obtained by three methods which are normal approximation and first- and second-term Edgeworth series expansions, respectively. These methods are based on normal approximation related to the central limit theorem (CLT). Furthermore, the exact distribution of weighted sum of exponential variates is presented by using convolution technique. The fourth method is proposed for deriving deterministic equivalent of chance constraint by using this exact distribution. The fifth method is transforming the exponential variates into the chi-squared variates. Illustrative examples are given for the purpose of comparing the solutions of these five methods. Additionally, the optimal solution for Example 1 of Biswal et al. (1998. European Journal of Operational Research 111:589–597) is extended to a global solution by using three methods.

Given the intrinsic nature of leadership and the challenges thereto, it becomes pertinent to have all stakeholders on board; and that includes women. However, to expect women to partake within the conventional leadership terrain is to make their leadership life rather complex. This is because the conventional leadership system is so manly, aggressive, and rough generally with little consideration of diversities and realities abound. The law of the jungle applies as survival is for the fittest only. It thus becomes imperative to develop a leadership model suited to a woman in order to aid women in leadership. Such a leadership model, however, cannot rise out of the blue. It goes through an organized and effective educational/training process both at the grassroot in communities and lower educational levels. This formed the basis of this paper: indeed, the need to propose an educational or training programme to develop a leadership model premised on women values and etiquettes. The proposed model brings out the key aspects of leadership, presents the conventional setting, and engages an infusion of women’s perspective to each in order to garner an ideal conceptual view of women leadership. This is not only critical but a sacred point of departure in the process of leadership transformation.

This study examines the influe nce of leadership awareness of future teachers as a condition for development of their managerial competencies. It describes the concept of “leadership”; it also determines the importance of leadership awareness on the part of future teachers in the development of management competencies. The theoretical and methodological foundations of the research are systemic, student-centered, and competence-based approaches. In the study the notion of “management” is regarded as a subject of philosophical, psychological, and pedagogical analysis. It highlights the distinctive features of management of the educational process and the requirements for effective management. The concept of “managerial competence of the teacher” and its main components are introduced. The stages of development of leadership within students are equally presented.

Leadership remains the fountain of educational institutions and the education system. There is no way one can discuss education and educational institutions without a leadership vacuum. Leadership has, thus, attracted researchers at all times seeking to establish the most ideal leadership style or approach. Nevertheless, research continues to stall in lieu of situational issues influencing leadership. That explainsk why studies on leadership have gone beyond being ordinary to feature applicability of hitherto external aspects to the concept of leadership. One of such attempts led to the concretization of plasma leadership through a model developed by Erçetin (Understanding Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Turkey with plasma as a metaphor of the kourth state of matter. In Ş.Ş. Erçetin (Ed.), Chaos, complexity and leadership 2014, (pp. 1–13). Springer, Switzerland, Ch 1, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18693-1, 2016). This article, therefore, examines Erçetin’s plasma leadership model (Erçetin, Understanding Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Turkey with plasma as a metaphor of the fourth state of matter. In Ş.Ş. Erçetin (Ed.), Chaos, complexity and leadership 2014, (pp. 1–13). Springer, Switzerland, Ch 1, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18693-1, 2016) which creates a new theoretical framework in the field of leadership. This is done in the context of school and educational management.

Educational management is at crossroads; the old management paradigms seem to offer no practical solutions to the ever-changing educational dynamics. Theories once trusted and relied upon for answers to daunting educational questions seem dead and extinct. Managers and indeed leaders of educational institutions are embroiled in a state of quagmire and have to “think outside the box” for appropriate solutions or approaches to the dictates of the times. Tellingly, this implies searching from outside of education’s arsenal. This paper dwells on this, indeed, and explores the applicability of string theory – borrowed from physics to education in general and educational management in particular. It dissects the elements of string theory and draws on their relationship with educational settings. The authors, thus, claim that if educational managers and leaders dig deep into string theory, they are likely to learn, quite extensively and intensively, the necessary techniques of dealing with challenges to education that have since become an Achilles’ heel. String theory, it should be largely claimed, renders educational management a free visa to transformation of the education system as a whole.

The quest for improved student engagement in active learning and social environments in new generation universities surpasses all prior teaching and learning commitments of educational institutions. While educators are expected to undertake effective steps towards realizing this engagement, it is also incumbent upon students themselves to partake in active learning processes. In tandem with the above, this study was done to establish views of academic staff at the Public University in Ankara, Turkey, regarding the practices of students geared towards realizing student engagement in active learning and social environments. This was done basing on five major dimensions: making student learning meaningful, fostering a sense of competence and autonomy, embracing collaborative learning, establishing positive educator-student relationships and promoting mastery learning orientations. In the findings, dimensions like making students’ learning meaningful as well as promoting mastery learning orientations were found to be highly successful, while fostering a sense of competence and autonomy as well as establishing positive educator-student relationships was found to be moderately successful. Embracing collaborative learning, meanwhile, was found to be at a low level of success. Equally, some statistical differences were found in academic staff’s demographic variable of academic qualification in the dimensions of making students’ learning meaningful as well as promoting mastery learning orientations. However, no statistically significant result was obtained in the gender and professional experience variables.

The problem of deontological training of specialists as means of ensuring the state’s well-being in general and the strategic tool in anti-corruption policy of the country is looked upon in this article. Thus, as an indicator of the general professional readiness, it should be the complex characteristic containing not only knowledge, abilities, skills, and competence but also the personal qualities providing necessary aspect in professional activity.

Leadership has undoubtedly become the fulcrum of educational institutions in a bid to transform the education system. It remains the most critical process at all levels of education and in all forms of educational institutions. The way leadership is served is directly related to the success or otherwise of a particular educational institution. This explains why all leaders at various levels have been grappling with establishing the best way of leading their followers and institutions alike. The outcome of such efforts has been the emergence and re-emergence of leadership styles and approaches within the education system from the traditional (autocratic, bureaucratic, democratic and laissez-faire leadership), modern (transformational, transactional and charismatic leadership) to the more contemporary ones which are born of specificity (servant, people, shared, values based, ethical, service, quantum, plazma and fractal leadership among others). In order to establish the fractal leadership practices of school principals, a scale was developed by the authors following ten adopted constructs. This paper, therefore, aimed at exploring the validity and reliability of the fractal leadership practices scale. The validity was computed via responses of experts, and the reliability was analysed basing on views of respondents using the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) programme. First, a general reliability measure was undertaken for all the items in the scale, and later, the reliability of each of the ten constructs was also measured. The items found as desired based on their Cronbach alpha scores were excluded, and the scale was remeasured. The scale was found suitable enough to measure fractal leadership practices of school principals.

The purpose of the article is to identify talent management practices in higher educational institutions. Meta-analysis literature review was undertaken in order to evaluate the role of talent management in successful attainment of institutional staff quality performance. Through literature review, it was found out that talent management has its share in modern organisational human resource management practices. The study revealed that human resource undoubtedly is an unpredictable resource with multi-coloured responses and attributes towards work; if these attributes are truly discovered, developed and utilised well, then they definitely have an added value on institutional total quality services. The paper also contended that there is a need to investigate its true practice currently embarked on in operations so as to find a suitable theory for the subject and its implication for organisational transformation and excellence.

The rise of globalization has brought an unprecedented wave of change whose major effect has been witnessed in a number of paradigm shifts within the education system. Such shifts have meant that the old educational institutions are no longer considered viable in regard to causing transformation of the education system. Consequent to this, the universities have taken on a new dimension in the shape of new generation universities. These universities are characteristic of active learning and social environments that transform the students via the cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains to inform a holistic development. Nevertheless, for such to be realized, academic staff in these new generation universities ought to partake in student engagement in the active learning and social environments by making and enabling the students to play a lead role during the teaching and learning process in order for them to control and be responsible for their own destiny. Issuing from the above premise, this study was done to establish views of undergraduate and postgraduate students at Hacettepe University in Ankara, Turkey, regarding the practices of academic staff geared towards realizing student engagement in active learning and social environments. This was done basing on five major dimensions: making student learning meaningful, fostering a sense of competence and autonomy, embracing collaborative learning, establishing positive educator-student relationships and promoting mastery learning orientations. Findings indicate that some dimensions were found to be highly successful like making students’ learning meaningful as well as promoting mastery learning orientations, while some were found to be moderately successful like fostering a sense of competence and autonomy as well as establishing positive educator-student relationships. One dimension, embracing collaborative learning, was found to be at a low level of success. Equally, some statistical differences were found in students’ demographic variables like gender, age and level of education in the dimensions of making students’ learning meaningful, fostering a sense of competence and autonomy, embracing collaborative learning as well as promoting mastery learning orientations.

The study was about an analysis of the effect of succession planning on the performance of employees at Stanbic Bank Uganda Ltd., Mbale branch. The study was guided by the following objectives: to establish the effect of delegation on employee performance at SBU Ltd., Mbale branch, to analyze the effect of job rotation on employee performance at SBU Ltd., Mbale branch, and to examine the effect of mentoring/coaching on employee performance at SBU Ltd., Mbale branch. The study adopted both case study and descriptive research designs where both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used. A census survey technique was applied. Questionnaires, interviews, and documentary reviews were used to collect data. The findings generally revealed that there was a reduced number of shortages and absenteeism among employees as a result of delegation. It also established that employee delegation contributes to customer care and timeliness in service delivery which led to decreased complaints from clients toward the kind of services offered to them. As regards job rotation, findings revealed that there were improved interpersonal skills, reduced number of shortages, and improved customer care among employees. However, it was established that delegation did not reduce absenteeism or enhanced creativity among employees at SBU Ltd., Mbale branch. In light of the above findings, the researchers recommended that the heads of units should delegate responsibility and authority without feeling threatened; management should create more branches in the new districts like Manafwa and Bulambuli to reduce pressure on the Mbale branch, due to large number of clients.

The purpose of this study was to determine academic staff’s utilization levels of social capital. This study is a kind of quantitative research. The working group of this study is limited to Iran Tabriz Universities and the private Islam Azad University’s academic staff. A total of 92 academic staff were the key participants in this research. Of these, 32 academic staff also have some administrative duties. During this research, social capital scale was used in order to collect data. According to some findings, there are no statistically significant relationships between social capital utilization level and academic staff’s gender, education level, and seniority. But there is a meaningful statistical relationship between social capital utilization level and academic staff’s title. The meaningful difference has been detected between professors and lecturers.

In our age, individuals who can establish effective communication with their social environment, who can think critically, who are skillful in problem-solving, who bear responsibility, who can find access to actual or critical information, who can think and produce, and who are open to change and development are sought for. It is thought that humanity has started to understand or become aware of change for the first time by Heraclitus’s saying “Everything is in constant transformation and flux and nothing remains unchanged.” There is no doubt that this process which is called as change or transformation has influenced the cultures of all of the social systems regarding life, ongoing rapid change, and transformation in technology and the knowledge accumulation together with rapid development and communication. Hence the leadership phenomenon was brought to the agenda in this transformation process. After it became apparent that the conservative leadership concept was not sufficient in explaining the leadership understanding, it became necessary to restructure its understanding. Thus, it is asserted that this restructuring need brought forward the transformational leadership concept. In this process of change which has been continuing in an uninterrupted manner, transformational leadership is accepted as the best solution for overcoming the challenges that are encountered in all of the sectors. By starting from scientific or empirical facts which defined leadership as a set of acquired characteristics and also from the principle of power and inevitability of change, the school administrators are required to internalize the behaviors of transformational leadership by following up the change and transformation in education. The objective in this study is to analyze the theoretical and applied scientific aspects of transformational leadership concept. In line with this objective, the related literature and the other related research findings shall be utilized in order to reach to a conclusion in this paper.

Rural tourism is the category of tourism that focuses on rural locations highlighting the rural art and culture, heritage and lifestyle, thereby helping the local community in economic and social development and cultural exchange. The rural tourism destinations have huge potential to turn into important tourist centres. But lack of detailed information about the locations like transportation, place of interest and on-spot available facilities is acting as barrier in this transition. The tourism industry has extensively adopted Web geographic information system (Web GIS) to provide improved service and information to the tourists. Geospatial Mashup is a field of collaborative and interactive Web applications that impeccably integrate datasets retrieved from diverse Web-based resources to create user-friendly and innovative Web GIS applications. This research paper highlights on the application of Geospatial Mashup in rural tourism promotion and development. The present study is conducted for a rural tourism site of West Bengal, India, to analyse the existing online information and the tourist inflow. It discusses the geo-referenced procedures of providing additional online information using Geospatial Mashups and its potential benefits. In the final segment of this paper, some suggested Mashup maps of the current research location are depicted that can be implemented for online promotion of the rural tourism site.

Recently, the “Anarchist Islands Model” has been proposed as a political conceptualization although it includes a geographical term. It offers a method for the current state of affairs. It is based on a statement on complexity science paradigms. Chaotic Awareness Simulation (CAS) theory coincides with the Anarchist Islands Model when it construes people’s imaginations, considerations, and behaviors in the context of ethics. In this article, as an example of efforts in claiming values in dictionaries implied in the Anarchist Islands Model, we focus on the story of the Turkish word “müsait”/available for Anarchist Islands. This word is described with a meaning of women who flirt with somebody in the dictionary of the Turkish Language Institution (TDK) (tdk.gov.tr). Some of the citizens began a campaign claiming that this word should be withdrawn from the dictionary. At the end of this campaign, TDK declared formally that the meaning of “müsait” is not the same in the new issue of the dictionary. Both TDK and other dictionaries declared formally their meanings. So, we observe the change; some citizens want not only to squat in urban areas (Gezi Park) but also protect their values.

In the twenty-first century, technological developments completely transformed our societies and lifestyles. As expected it affects young generation and higher education that have key role as both determinants for youth and also been affected by needs of new generation. When scholars discuss how the new generation has been changed in the last 50 years, they all agreed there is no traditional youth profile; because of this, it is impossible to talk about classic university models anymore. The notion of new-generation universities will be the solution for such a chaotic situation in higher education.

In Turkey, high schools, as well as primary and secondary schools, were included within the scope of compulsory education as of 2012–2013 academic year. As the high school education was included into the scope of compulsory education, authority and responsibilities of secondary education managements incredibly increased in terms of providing 100% schooling of secondary education generation (Official Gazette. (2012). İlköğretim ve Eğitim Kanunu ile Bazı Kanunlarda Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun. Kanun No.: 6287. Official Gazette dated 30/3/2012, number 28261). This led to provincial and district directorates of national education, including the Ministry of National Education as the leading institution, into a complex and chaotic process in terms of the administrative aspects they had to carry out. Moreover, secondary education school managements were obliged to actualize significant chaotic managerial implementations in terms of preparation to the exams of YGS (Transition to Higher Education Exam) and LYS (Undergraduate Placement Exam). In this research, the complexity and chaos experienced in secondary education schools regarding YGS and LYS exams were tried to be evaluated analyzing through chaotic management approach. The research was carried out with 71 high school final-grade students studying at Erzincan Anatolian High School in the province of Erzincan in 2015–2016 academic year. In the research, “Secondary Education Schools Student-Centered Individual Teaching and In-Class Social Academic Development Services Scale” developed by the researcher was used. According to the research findings, it was noticed that both individual academic development (X¯=3.52) $$ \left(\overline{X}=3.52\right) $$ and social academic development based upon in-class experiences (X¯=3.49) $$ \left(\overline{X}=3.49\right) $$ were tried to be fulfilled at “much level.” The research results revealed that YGS and LYS preparation implementations for Anatolian High School students required a chaotic, competitive, complex, and conflicting management in educational organizations.

One of the key aspects in higher education institutions is sustainable leadership strategy with the need to account for the core values of the organisation and its stability. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the sustainable leadership practices towards transformation and sustainability of the higher education sector. Since there is still a gap in the existing framework utilised in higher education institutions, the study opted for empirical findings of Lambert’s (2012) model to analyse the findings of the previous studies done on the same subject in order to guide the framework of the paper. Six emergent themes were identified after analytical review: depth learning and integrity value, attributed to instructional leaders’ alignment to their mission; strategic vision, the length through endurance and succession, the breadth which can be achieved through collaboration and emphasised for its importance as a daily skill for information sharing; justice where personal interests are abandoned, diversity through cohesion and complexity; resourcefulness, where leaders utilise internal and external partnerships to improve local communities and maintain competitive advantage; communication, which was emphasised for its importance as a daily skill for information sharing; and lastly conservation, which requires leaders to learn from the past in order to form an ingenuity for the future progress of an institution.

The economic, political, social, and technological changes encountered in recent years affect organizations to keep up with the times and to survive as much as affect the individuals. On the other hand, any change planned by determining needs brings about organizational success. The general purpose of this research is analyzing scientific papers discussing the concepts of chaos, complexity, change, corporate culture, leadership, and risk which are the fundamental subjects related to organizational uncertainty in education and school administration. Scientific papers were examined and analyzed within the context of type, content, method, findings, comments, conclusions, and suggestions. According to the results of the paper revealing shortage of studies which examine organizational uncertainty in all aspects and together with the debates on the changes in the education system in the field, one may suggest conducting scientific studies in this field.

The immaculate nature and scope of leadership transcend far beyond the accepted-applied principles and theories of leadership which has been fluid and elusive overtime in history. Leadership has more often than not been defined empirically based on experiential knowledge, hypothesis, and facts which truly and completely never resonates with the in-depth profundity of leadership intellectually. For centuries after centuries, decades after decades, and years after years and since time immemorial, in records, identified traditions, labeled cultures, and bordered sovereignties or nations, the trust and belief on leadership have always been repeated and reaffirmed from generations to generations. Leadership had in the past and has continued to the present and will always through the future direct the course of humanity both internally and externally. This further explains the vital importance of leadership as more than just an art that ought to be discussed, examined, and taught over time through cultural formations, educational developments, and fundamentally the actions or plans of governance and policies. Leadership has not always been an office, a title, a gender, an age, a race, nor a stationed post. Leadership transcends far beyond physical locations and presence. It has phenomenally been a conscience that has been found rooted everywhere around and beyond humanity and civilization. This strikingly personified nature of leadership has been discussed through the pages of this chapter. The descriptive studies on leadership are more than just an art or a lifestyle and hence should be discussed extensively through a holistic approach. This chapter was aimed to analyze the characteristics of leadership beyond conventional means, the typologies of leadership, the rare types of leadership, and ultimately the pragmatic assertions of leadership. With the envisioned stand on knowledge through this chapter on leadership, questions ought to be answered as to what exactly the definition of leadership truly is could be and should continue to be while moving forward futuristically.

This study aimed to examine the profiles of academic staff in terms of the views of graduate students. The study was designed with qualitative research methods, and the data were collected through a semi-structured interview form. The semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 master’s, 20 doctoral and 8 non-thesis master’s program students at Hacettepe University. In total the study was carried out with 50 graduate students. The obtained data was analysed using the descriptive analysis technique. According to the results of the study, the profiles of the academic staff in terms of the research and innovation dimension were described by expressions such as contribution to the field, awareness of current developments in the field, expertise in the field and having a critical perspective. In the teaching dimension, preparedness before arrival to class, having effective communication skills and being fair and objective were the key features of expression adopted. In the professionalism dimension, however, the key profiles were expressed in the form of following the academic works in other fields as well as knowing and having a very good command of at least one foreign language. Meanwhile, in the personal characteristics dimension, participants emphasized many features such as tolerance and being respectful, innovative, humble, collaborative, creative and visionary. In the dimension of community service, statements like being able to find solutions to global problems and being able to draw an exemplary human profile to the community were given weight. The research results were also discussed in a comparative way with a similar study conducted in 2002.

This study’s aim is to initiate a discussion on the reflection of quantum entanglement on organization theory called “organizational insight.” In today’s world, physicists state that the best candidate to explain consciousness is quantum theory. Organizational insight is the ability to foresee the chaotic situation and the future provision of the organization in the organization environment with the experiences of taking inferences from the history of the organization, the presence of a strong organizational communication, and high level of consciousness. In this sense, there have been reflections of quantum theory to organization theory, because we can explain consciousness with quantum. In this study, reflections of quantum entanglement principle to organizational consciousness and organizational communication, organizational insight concept, and relationship between organizational insight and chaos were discussed. This discussion is expected to trigger off a high level of academic and research interest in the field of organization. In subsequent discussions of this undertaking, we shall seek to examine organizational insight phenomenon by analyzing different organizations, and secondly we will examine organizational insight in terms of the organizational intelligence phenomenon.

Decision making is without doubt an integral part of human life and institutional working, and as it is the case in any process pertaining to successful administration to be carried out in organizations, it has its own place within all the dimensions of an established hierarchy of any kind. Ashcraft (1998) (Fundamentals of cognition. New York: Longman) calls it the process of making decisions, a rather slower and more conscious part and aspect of cognitive thinking. It does entail, surely with countless other counterparts, rational thinking, reasoning, and envision; thus, decision making inevitably calls for a thorough analysis of any given situation, oftentimes, as well as meticulous evaluation of the future of the organization with all its differing entities. What is more, this frequently has to be realized in short periods of time. In addition to the aforementioned elements inherent in the very process, several other factors come into play during times of decision making such as relatively more subjective parameters like intuitional thinking and using what one’s gut feeling signals.In light of the relevant literature research, it is witnessed that the time when a decision is to be made, the person to make the decision and their certain characteristics, e.g., certain demographic features, and so on are all influential in the type and nature of the decision made. It is also observed that whether the decision is made at the time of a crisis belonging to a rather chaotic period impacts decision making to a degree.

Although the individual is centralized in the field of psychological counseling and guidance (PCG) which has preventive, protective, healing, and developing functions, his interaction with the systems which involve the individual is examined, too. For this, system approaches are used. There exist researches concerning the application of chaos theory, and one of these approaches is observed in the specialization areas of PCG (school, career, mental health, marriage, and family psychological counseling). Furthermore, such researches are witnessed to address a large population. In this section, place is given to the results of researches and practitioner guides based on chaos theory which is thought to be helpful to the field academicians and employees.

The aim of the study is to examine the level of using social capital in primary schools according to principals and teachers and determine the relationship between social capital and gender, education level, status and professional seniority variables. This study was conducted in lieu of relational survey model. The universe of the research consists of 1413 teachers and 212 school principals who were working in primary schools in Yenimahalle, Akyurt, Haymana and Kızılcahamam districts in Ankara in the 2013–2014 academic year. The sample of the research was selected by stratified random sampling method and consists of 297 teachers and 74 school principals who were working in Akyurt, Haymana and Kızılcahamam districts in Ankara. “Expressions towards Social Capital Elements” scale was used in the research. According to the research results; the level of using social capital in primary schools according to views of school principals emerged as high while the level of using social capital in primary schools according to views of teachers emerged as moderate.

The number of knowledge pieces, skills, attitudes, and behaviors is exponentially increasing because the present age is the age of information, which makes it mandatory for individuals to acquire these knowledge pieces, skills, attitudes, and behaviors for an efficient learning process. In view of the changing education system, teachers need to be experienced, tolerant, and unbiased and are also expected to be individuals who can research and solve educational problems, retrieve and exploit information, have a high level of thinking and reasoning capability, and can perform effective analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.Thus, metacognition is among the crucial skills, especially teachers should attain. Metacognition can be listed among the important factors in educating conscious individuals with a higher level of awareness of their own mental processes. Efforts to educate conscious individuals in educational systems have given way to the emergence of the concept of “metacognition” and have gained significant momentum thanks to the related research studies. Accordingly, the present study attempts to discuss the importance of metacognitive learning skills enabling individuals to learn how to learn individually and develop awareness of their learning process and allowing for self-evaluation through self-monitoring and their relations to chaos management. The researcher has employed a theoretical analytical research model to describe and analyze the present condition. To this end, document analysis, a qualitative data collection method, was used.

Christine Lagarde studied law in Paris, and she joined an international law firm, Baker & McKenzie. As a woman, she took on several positions throughout her career including partnership, managing partnership, membership to executive committees, being the chairperson of the executive committee and chairperson of the global strategic committee in Baker & McKenzie. Politically, she became the deputy minister of foreign trade in France at first and then the minister of finance in 2007. Moreover, Christine Lagarde was elected as the new managing director of International Monetary Fund (IMF) as the first woman to hold this position. Becoming a top leader of an organization requires some crucial leadership skills: compelling leadership behaviours, vision, providing balance, handling international issues, managing chaotic situations and networked relations and many others. In this chapter, Christine Lagarde’s life story, her leadership style and her current position are subjected to theoretical and functional analysis in the context of women leadership. This chapter concludes that because of being at the top in a complex organization, Christine Lagarde can be seen as a source of inspiration and motivation for women who want to break the glass ceiling and reach the top positions.

Personality characteristics are a combination of psychological and physical features that differ among human beings. Humans’ personality characteristics are closely related with the professions they carry out. Under suitable conditions, a person chooses a job that conforms with his or her own personality. Occupational selections are realized at a time when personality has just been formed and a chaotic setting covers the inner world of the individual. Some professions, among which teaching profession comes first, cannot be carried out through ignoring personality characteristics. Teachers must be aware of both their own personality characteristics and the characteristics their profession requires. Adaptation to such a condition is to provide high professional motivation and professional satisfaction, as well as creating well-trained individuals educated by teachers in relation to a relatedly proper society. On the other hand, maladaptation to such a condition is to create a teacher profile in which there is no professional satisfaction and no success in social role. Teachers having different personality characteristics will also represent diversities in their professional satisfaction. Issuing from the above premise, this study is conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of different personality characteristics owned by teachers on their professional satisfaction. The relationship between diverse personality characteristics of teachers and their professional satisfaction is identified with reference to different variables. The study is based on a survey design. The sample of the study is composed of 516 primary and secondary school teachers employed in Mersin city centre and its connected counties. The data of the study are collected by scales on personality characteristics and professional satisfaction. The data transferred into the computer are analysed and interpreted by means of statistical techniques. According to the results, the teachers are found to be extrovert, responsible, open to innovations, and calm. Besides, there exists a significant relationship between the personality characteristics and the professional satisfaction of teachers. It is also detected that there is a positive correlation between the professional satisfaction of teachers and their extroversion, responsibility, tender mindedness, and openness to experiences, while there stands a negative correlation between the professional satisfaction and emotional instability. The results of the study present an existing relationship between the professional satisfaction of teachers and their personality characteristics, as well as their demographic features.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the present state of the vocational and technical education system and the history of the teacher training processes and techniques and the current situation. It also includes examples of the vocational and technical teacher training process in developed countries. In this context, the process of examining the historical development of technical teacher training—objectives, programs, and conditions—was put forward in terms of organization. Also, the concept of a technical teacher training system in recent years was analyzed. Within the framework of restructuring, focusing particularly on schools, the title given to the graduates, objectives, programs, places, organizations, international accreditation issues, and pedagogical training courses were invesetigated. The study was carried out using a qualitative research method in accordance with a case study design. Literature research was used as a data collection tool.

Organizational uncertainty affects all administration processes and functions whereas perception of uncertainty affects not only organizational administration and functions, but may also adversely affect individual performance. Consequently, a review of the existing papers related to organizational uncertainty and developing suggestions on the issue will direct the course of solutions to be found for this situation. A secondary purpose of this review is researching the titles, types, contents, methods, findings and comments, conclusions, and suggestions of the scientific papers related to organizational uncertainty in education and school administration in the period from 1990 onward. The research was designed with a qualitative research model, and a document examination technique was used. The data were obtained using document analysis. Content analysis was used for interpreting the documents. The year 1990 is a critical milestone in the study since it was a period when social and political events were being experienced rapidly and intensely in both a national and an international context. Since it is of significance to discuss the studies conducted in this period and their outcomes, the year of 1990 was selected as the date of commencement.

When the times that we live in witnesses unprecedented rapid changes and transformation compared to previous historical eras and processes. This process could reveal various opportunities and benefits for individuals and organizations, but it could also reveal an environment in which inequalities and injustice increase with unexpected and shocking consequences. Especially when educational organizations and the actors in these organizations are concerned, these rapid and sudden changes and could trigger rises and falls in these organizations and individuals, a school or individual that has been successful or advantageous in the past could find itself in a disadvantaged position. On the other hand, the opposite could also occur and a school or individual considered in a disadvantageous position could find itself in a totally different point in a short period of time as a result of a sudden change. Chaotic processes that could result from change and transformation could increase inequalities between the students and the employees in the educational organizations, reduce diversity and differences and prepare an unfair atmosphere. It is therefore expected of the education leaders to adapt the schools to environmental and competitive conditions in a constantly changing chaotic world, as well as to administer the schools to preserve it from the uncertainties, complexities and chaos that might arise as a result of sudden changes or unanticipated events and to maintain the school effectively and in social justice. Otherwise, alienation from the management of these uncertainties, risks and crises that education organizations might encounter, and a management style without social justice would make it difficult for schools to sustain their organizational development and to fulfill their institutional objectives. At this juncture, education leaders need to be ready for the chaos process as an actor with knowledge on main elements and characteristics of the chaos process and equipped with social justice leadership characteristics and proficiencies. Thus, this chapter will focus on the chaos theory, foundations, characteristics and elements of this theory, its reflections on education and education management, and the role of social justice leadership skills of education organization leaders in chaos management.

Higher education system is getting more complex due to the recent growth and development. There has been an ongoing debate over the governmental structures of higher education institutions. Current international debate reveals a widespread institutional tendency to shift from centralized to decentralized system in higher education sector. The aim of the paper is to provide global trends related to autonomy and university autonomy and to outline the concept of autonomy. The study also seeks to provide long-term vision for the higher education sector related to university autonomy. The study concludes that there is heightened awareness among university leaders and policy makers that university autonomy is the keystone for an effective and efficient higher education sector. It also summarizes that universities in the UK can freely decide on all aspects of administrative structures. Higher education institutions in Netherlands are largely free to decide on all organizational, financial, staffing and academic issues. Universities in France are perceived to lack freedom of action in nearly all areas of organizational, financial, staffing, and academic issues.

This study investigates the process of implementation of information technology (IT) in education, and the impact of computerization on the quality of teaching. In addition, the need to define the requirements of IT competencies of a present-day teacher in order to establish whether they are at the appropriate level is reiterated. Following the results of this study, it is concluded that the IT competency of a present-day teacher is one of the key indicators of the success rate of that teacher’s activity and is also a necessary precondition for furthering the level of their professional competency. This therefore emphasizes the significance of working on a professional development system for a modern teacher, concentrating on the use of the IT system. This model of professional development allows for solving some tasks and increases the level of IT competency of a present-day teacher; however, it also has a number of disadvantages and does not fully cater to comprehensive problems on the part of teachers who rely so much on the active use of IT in their professional activity.

Having a multifaceted complex structure, language is a combination of a pile of mental states or thoughts which are transferred by means of shared rules or principles created on the grounds of phonology, morphology, and semantics. Language, being such a humanly and complicated formation, is highly in touch with a group of pertinent scientific zones like psychology and sociology, and this interaction may mirror the morpho-syntactic features of people. That is to say, selecting and forming any word, structuring a full sentence, and seeing the meaning of the sentence necessitate intricate rules or phases. With respect to this phenomenon, intricate mental or cognitive processes might be challenged in second language learning which means picking up the syntactic rules of a language and converting these rules into language skills. In this study, ten Syrian children, being educated in a primary school and owning different psychological schemas, as well as being not at similar ages, were inspected. The children were required to talk about the picture book Smile Please by Sanjiv Jaiswal “Sanjay” in Turkish language, and the narrations were audiotaped by the researchers. Being formed on a descriptive research design, the data were gathered and analyzed qualitatively. As a consequence of the study that checked the general morpho-syntactic profiles of Syrian children, both different and shared morpho-syntactic characteristics were found out.

The purpose of the research is not only to determine the level of perception of lifelong learning key competencies of administrators, teachers, and master trainers working for public education centers but also to find out whether or not this perception level of the sample reveals significant differences in terms of gender, profession, age, and years of experience. The research population included administrators (principals, chief deputy principals, deputy principals), teachers, and master trainers working for the public education centers in the province of Ankara during the 2015–2016 academic year. The research sample was comprised of 39 administrators, 124 teachers, and 172 master trainers, a total of 335 participants. The data were collected using the “key competences for lifelong learning scale” developed by Şahin et al. (Educational Research and Review, 5(10), 545–556, 2010). A cross-sectional survey design was implemented in conducting the study. The data collected were analyzed through descriptive and parametric tests (one-way ANOVA and independent t-test). According to results, regarding gender, there are significant differences between females and males with respect to levels of the dimensions of communication in the native language, communication in a foreign language(s), and as for digital competences. Considering the profession variable, there are significant differences between teachers and administrators and administrators and master trainers with respect to the dimensions of communication in native language, mathematical and basic competence in science and technology, and also in terms of digital competence. Age and years of experience are also important variables for the significant difference with respect to the dimension of communication in a foreign language(s).

The rate of chronic absenteeism is important in assessing the validity of current educational practices conditions. Every student who exhibits this behavior faces the risk of failing to progress to higher level of education and/or dropping out/leaving the school. Students in this risk group represent not only a problem from an educational standpoint but also a potential and multifaceted problem with respect to participation in the economy, the development of a skilled labor force, and the ability to become well integrated into society. In the literature for Turkey, the framework of this problem was constructed using statistical methods, and it is important to analyze this problem in greater depth. The main objective of this study is therefore to employ educational data mining methods to predict cases of chronic absenteeism at high school level. The data, compiled from 2,495 students from different districts of Istanbul, was prepared for data mining operations based on the CRISP-EDM steps. The analysis process was conducted using R language and R language packages due to their flexibility and strength. The study results revealed that the random forest algorithm is able to establish a more successful model, while the C4.5 algorithm more accurately describes the problem in terms of decision rules.

This study intended to analyse the factors or possible factors that affected the character and personality of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk who was a visionary leader with a wide vision and left his mark in history. The effects of these factors on his educational perspective were also examined. In this context, first Atatürk’s visionary leadership and his perspective on education was examined. Further on, it was intended to identify the possible factors that lead to the formation of Atatürk’s character and personality by analysing the important points that occurred during his life. The intensive and complex relations between these factors are influential on Atatürk’s visions. It was also concluded that these factors were influential in the shaping of Atatürk’s sensitivity towards education. As a result, the factors that allowed the formation of Atatürk’s character and personality did not remain limited to Atatürk, but they also affected the formation of the fate of an entire country.

In our era, organizations are trying to stay alive in complex environments. There are many reflections of complexity theory on organizations. The aim of this study is to reveal the effects of complexity on management processes. This study is based on Gregg’s management process approach. With complexity, decision-making models changed, planning is not long-termed anymore, organizations tend to be structured more horizontally, communication should be maintained with all stakeholders, coordination is created by seeing the effect of workers on the total job, effecting is based on leadership, there are different leadership styles, and evaluating can be done with stochastic approach. These reflections on management process can be discussed in terms of school management processes too.

Leadership paradigm has been changing in terms of meanings as well as notions as part of continual innovation; changing emerging with globalism does change organizations, organizations’ culture, and the expectations of workers from the organizations and also from the leader. The first of these paradigms is quantum leadership that can be explained best with quantum physics’ features like disorder, chaos, uncertainty, and uncontinuity. In this study, hybrid leadership and quantum leadership paradigms are studied separately, firstly quantum leadership. The second leadership paradigm is hybrid leadership by Gronn. Hybrid leadership, on the one side, focuses on the leaders that manage their organizations by legal ways. On the other side, hybrid leaders are expected to show distributed leadership features like being flexible, reliable, cooperative, and active and encouraging the followers. Then, these two leadership paradigms that have the leadership abilities of the twenty-first century are tried to be studied together with an interdisciplinary study in terms of their similarities and differences.

Leadership continues to be the most critical process of every formal organization. Any research, academic or scholarly attempt made to expound on leadership becomes a delayed initiative quite easily. Boggled by the same quest of transforming leadership potential, this article is a result of teamwork and a true sense of self-sacrifice and interest and a high level of enthusiasm attained through lectures under the effective guidance of Professor Şefika Şule Erçetin. The article explores wise leadership in the context of educational management. After reviewing a number of articles and works as a team, we tried to shape them with our own cues, expression styles and ideas. We have tried to give brief information about the concepts underpinning wise leadership in the hope that it will be useful. Firstly, we focussed on wisdom, by stating who a wise person is, through highlighting the difference between wisdom and being wise, by looking at the meaning of wisdom in Turkish history and analysing the source of wisdom and dimensions of wisdom as well as leadership, wise leadership and issues of wise leadership with regard to educational management.

Globalization has become a major feature in all aspects of life and more so in leadership systems. However, going global may imply ignoring important aspects of the local setting which are enshrined in cultural and ideological attributes. This is why it is important for leaders to have one eye on the global and another on the local aspects. This kind of leadership is dubbed glocal leadership, and it rendered this paper an urgent necessity. Nevertheless, educational institutions are also part of this global movement and have to live up to the global challenges while upholding the local dimensions in order to bring out a holistic product that fits within the local setting while equipped with a global understanding. This paper argues that this is only possible through a leadership system which obtains within both the local and global realms and thus it dissects the place of glocal leadership in educational institutions. The paper also expounds on how educational leaders can achieve global targets without sidelining key local tendencies.

In our evolving and changing world, leadership perception processes and leadership definitions emerge in different forms. Work on leadership began in the first half of the twentieth century and continued to change and develop by gaining momentum during subsequent periods. Nevertheless, leadership remains elusive both as a concept and a practice leading to untold inefficiency in many settings. This is premised on the assumption that leadership is largely multidimensional and thus, considering it from any other perspective, renders it inconclusive. Some studies have been conducted to address the multidimensional nature of leadership. The aim of this paper, therefore, was to examine the multidimensional perceptual leadership model developed by Erçetin and Düzer in 2008 in terms of educational management whilst adding the leadership types published by Erçetin, Açıkalın and Bülbül in 2013. This was done in light of new challenges engulfing education as well as the call for a reconceptualization of school leadership.

Originally explored as a mere academic concept, mobbing has of late gate-crashed the research and scholarly party to stake a bigger claim for attention on the part of academicians, scholars and researchers alike. The enabling factor in this case has been the discovery of the various elements and forms attached to mobbing hitherto a distant thought. Along with this, the prevalence of the crime within scores and a multitude of organizations as evidenced by the effects of mobbing on the victims and the productivity of organizations cannot be neglected anymore. While the conventional view born of the definition, types, effects and plausible solutions to mobbing is no longer a point of contention, there is no gain saying that mobbing poses an inextricable challenge when examined within the realm of legal frameworks. Even more crucially, when chaos and complexity theory is infused into the equation, mobbing turns out to be an ultimate threat. This paper, therefore, has examined mobbing from the conventional stand as well as engaging its applicability to legal structures while attempting an exploration of its implication for chaos and complexity theory. Effort was also made to dissect the place of mobbing in educational organizations while paying particular attention to its influence on school leadership.

The primary aim of the leadership mission is to locate the institutions into the desired point by means of providing all the required needs. Leaders undertaking this mission look for diverse solutions in a possible chaotic situation on the way to goals. The solution that the leader will find is directly related to his psychology. The structure of personality which is reflected within psychological approaches shows different characteristics of every human being. So, the leaders bearing different personality characteristics will be representing diverse leadership approaches as well. The success of the leaders undertaking the mission of advancing the institutions may be attained by being aware of the owned personality characteristics. The leader who is aware of his or her own personality characteristics might possibly analyse the leadership approach that he or she adopts. With all these in mind, this study has been conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the personality characteristics of school directors and the leadership approaches they adopt. The personality characteristics and the adopted managerial approaches reflected by the directors with different personalities have been identified by means of considering different variables. The study is based on a survey design. The sample of the study is composed of 298 school directors employed in the central counties of Mersin City. The data of the study was collected through scales on personality characteristics and leadership approaches. The data transferred into the computer was analysed and interpreted by means of statistical techniques. According to the findings of the study, it was established that while the school directors represent such personality characteristics successively as easy-going, open to innovation, extrovert, self-disciplined, and emotionally stable, they represent traits of leadership in the shape of transformative, interactionist, and emancipatory. Besides, there stands a significant relationship between the personality characteristics of school directors and their leadership approaches. Lastly, it was suggested that there exists a positive relationship at medium level between the total score of personality characteristics reflected by the school directors and their multidimensional leadership approaches.

Post the Cold War which ended in 1991, several scholars have argued about the change in conflicts’ nature which started to take place in the world, and they touched upon different elements involved in them. Mary Kaldor has set these differences in her book New and Old Wars: Organised Violence in the Global Era. Her new wars thesis proved to be applicable to different areas of conflicts despite that she applied it first to the conflict of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This chapter navigates the new war thesis facets which can be traced in the conflict of Xinjiang in China, Kashmir, and Assam and Nagaland in the Indian Northeast.

This chapter advocates the symbiosis which is established between the different species – in biology discipline they are described as livings within the unions – and can be used as a tool for understanding the formal organizations’ relationship with each other which are social subsystems. Subsequently complex relationships of symbiotic organizations were discussed. With the effects of the complexity theory, interorganizational relationships in literature have recently been evaluated as symbiotic organizations. With this study, symbiotic organizations as an analogy are discovered and described with its biologic literature base. Symbiotic organizations phenomenon is described with definitions and discussions, and the importance of this study is located next to other views. Complex symbiotic relationships of the organizations are discussed in the last section of this chapter.

This study was conducted taking into account the chaotic situations that frequently occur in schools in Turkey. Within the scope of the study, 34 “teacfhers who work in the kindergartens in Yozgat in 2016–2017 academic year were asked about the situations that would create chaos in their classes.” Class environments are social constructs in which chaotic situations can emerge, and leaders may emerge depending on the starting points of these chaotic situations. When the circumstances are considered in this context, it is not possible to predict when a preschool class will go into chaos, who can assume the leadership role accordingly, and the consequences of these situations. Given the chaotic situations of the classes in this study, games were prepared taking into account the “processes that are expected to be drawn in the leadership profile” of Erçetin ŞŞ, Açıkalın ŞN, Bülbül MŞ (2013). A multi-dimensional approach to leadership in chaotic environments. In: Chaos and complexity theory for management: Nonlinear dynamics in the “Multidimensional Approach to Chaos Environment and Leadership” studies.

In this study, the familial and political history of Margaret Thatcher as a woman leader was analysed. In this context, information was presented about Thatcher’s history and her political period. As a result of this examination, it was concluded that the word “Thatcherism” coined by Margaret Thatcher has a profound interaction with three major perspectives in the form of free economy, union associations and assembly. This interaction is also reported to have complicated relationships with a chain of events occurring before, during and after this term without being limited to “Thatcherism”. In addition, the flow of these complicated relationships has had telling repercussions on the world. In conclusion, it was stated that events that took place in the Thatcher era had complicated and profound relationships.

In this research, leadership and other basic dimensions of lifelong learning in graduate dissertations have been examined by content analysis method in Turkey. The purpose of the study is to analyze the graduate dissertations on lifelong learning in education in Turkey. Dissertations are aimed to be discussed in terms of years, types, and their scope/focus such as leadership, teachers, students, conceptual, and others. In the research, document examination technique was used, which is among qualitative research methods. Research universe consists of 46 master theses and 13 doctoral dissertations, totaling 59 dissertations on lifelong learning in education which are on YÖK (Higher Education Board) database in Turkey. The data were analyzed in three stages: description, analysis, and interpretation. Due to the research results, it is seen that graduate dissertations on lifelong learning in Turkey started in 1996. This can be because it was “European Lifelong Learning Year” then, with the decision of the European Parliament and Council of Europe No. 2493/95. The least number of dissertations on lifelong learning phenomenon is on leadership dimension. It is observed that most of the dissertations on leadership are about public education centers. In the future, articles and other scientific publications can be examined in lifelong learning in Turkey.

Violence against women is increasing in the world in general and Turkey in particular. In this study, we investigated whether or not women deserve this violence. The theoretical framework of the research was based on Gilman and Gilmore’s theory of patriarchal discourse. Our analyses are based on a total of 300 married women (150 working women – 150 housewives). In this quantitative study, data was collected using the Turkish version of “inventory of beliefs about wife beating” scale. One-way ANOVA results showed that the thought of whether or not women deserve violence had significant differences between low, middle, and high income groups. In addition, the opinion whether or not women deserve violence showed significant differences between education level, employment status, and residential region.

This study aims to develop an assessment system for monitoring the academic development of students. In accordance with this purpose, the study hereby includes the details about a team of specialists who are to develop the assessment system and their tasks in this regard, what kind of taxonomy to use, what should be observed in the item development process, the limitations and advantages of item types, measures to be taken for test security, issues to be considered during the process of receiving feedback with regard to the achievements and failures of students, and finally what kind of evidence to accumulate regarding the validity and reliability of the measurement results. In line with the aforementioned details, thanks to a qualified assessment system for monitoring the academic development of students by way of pursuing a holistic approach to cognitive, emotional, and behavioral skills of students and monitoring their academic and social development throughout their basic schooling years instead of high-stakes tests (university entrance exams, public personnel selection exams, etc.) in which critical decisions are taken within a few hours of time, usually in a single session, it will both ensure the effective use of human capital and make it possible for individuals to be referred to the fields of occupation in which they will be more successful and satisfied in their professional lives.

In this study, according to the views of teachers, the relationships between the emotional intelligence skills of school principals and the teachers’ organizational commitment were examined. The research is a qualitative study that was conducted descriptively. Research sample of this study consisted of 36 teachers that were selected through maximum diversity sampling, and these teachers were working in 15 secondary schools affiliated to the Ministry of National Education in Tokat province center and Zile district in 2016–2017 academic year. Semi-structured interview form was used in collecting data. In the research, six open-ended questions were directed to teachers about their school managers’ emotional intelligence skills and organizational commitment; then collected views were analyzed and the themes and categories were determined by descriptive analysis technique. According to research results, teachers’ opinions about organizational commitment were found to be positive and grouped in relation to other teachers, occupational thoughts, views on occupational affairs, and opinions on school. In addition, most teachers stated that school principals use emotional intelligence skills, and this affected organizational commitment positively.

Compulsory education 3in Turkey in the academic year 2012–2013 was reorganized to cover 4 years of primary school, 4 years of middle school, and 4 years of high school education. This regulation, which is popularly known as 4 + 4 + 4, has set up primary and secondary schools as independent schools. Through this arrangement, the age of starting primary school has been reduced to 66 months. This is taken as a basis to ensure the attendance of primary school children who are determined as being ready for primary school through written request of the children between the ages of 60 and 66 months and for direct pre-school education for other students who are not ready. As a result of the regulation regarding the age of starting primary school, children in different age groups (60 months/66 months/72 months/84 months) were enrolled in the first grade of primary school and had to be educated in the same class. This situation has caused many public debates. With the 4 + 4 + 4 intermittent education arrangement, the students who graduated from the fourth grade in the primary school and the fifth grade in the secondary school have made a further contribution to this much discussed (both politically and in public) education regulation. The 4 + 4 + 4 interdisciplinary education regulation, which has been publicly discussed in terms of political, social, cultural and economic aspects and which is generally aimed at ideological interpretations, entered the fifth year of education in 2016–2017 and the first students of this regulation have started their education in the fifth grade of secondary school. In this study, we analyze the process involved in the 4 + 4 + 4 intermittent education regulation—first grade to fifth grade. The fifth grade, which is impacted most by the intermittent education regulation, and the enforcer of the regulation, which is the other most affected group, are described in line with the views of branch teachers, and an attempt is made to evaluate the manifestations of problems in the middle school phase.

In this study, fuzzy logic-based mathematical decision-making published papers in educational administration, published books, and other related accessible resources between years 1960 and 2016 and related books or resources were evaluated. In other words, a content analysis of papers was achieved. To do this, published articles were investigated and studied based on their content. An analysis of the techniques that were used in the field and publishing years of the papers were concentrated upon.