Advances in Engineering Design

Bone’s adaptation occurs in response to mechanical loads. In vivo experimental studies explained that cortical bone envelopes (periosteal and endocortical) and their anatomical regions (anterior, posterior, lateral, medial) experience differential loading-induced osteogenesis. It has always been a challenge to establish a computer model to precisely predict such non-uniform new bone formation at the cortex due to mechanobiological stimuli such as strain or canalicular fluid flow. Lacunar permeability governs canalicular fluid velocity magnitude in bone-cross section. Anatomical variations of permeability could be the reason of differential fluid flow response which causes distinct site-specific bone formation. Therefore, it is important to compute poromechanical properties which are required to compute flow distribution. Lacunar canalicular permeability of the periosteal and endosteal surfaces in different anatomical locations has not been well reported. Thus, this paper estimates the poromechanical properties of cortical bone specially the permeability at periosteal and endocortical envelopes in their different anatomical regions, i.e. medial, lateral, anterior and posterior. Nanoindentation technique in combination with poroelastic optimization technique was employed. The result indicates that the endocortical surface was found to be more permeable than periosteal surface. Moreover, medial and lateral sides were also found more permeable than the other two regions, namely anterior and posterior. A clear understanding on cortical bone permeability will help researchers to precisely simulate the site-specific osteogenesis.

The finite element method (FEM) is a well-known method for numerically solving partial differential equations (PDEs) over a physical domain. It has been applied successfully to solve various problems in the field of structural analysis, electromagnetics, heat transfer, fluid flows, etc. However, the issue of improving FEM has been going on for the last 50 years. The objective of the study is to create an artificial neural network (ANN) model that can learn to predict the stiffness matrices of 2D finite elements, such as the 8-node quadrilateral element. The computational efficiency and accuracy of the finite elements generated through the ANN model are also checked with existing finite elements through some numerical examples. The results have been found to be consistent with available literature.

The advancement of computers has led to collection and handling of huge data from various resources. The inherent properties of computational mechanics application can be extracted from the appropriate data using different techniques of machine learning (ML). The present work enlights a method to employ machine learning in the field of finite element method (FEM) where evaluation of sufficient number of integrals has to be carried out. This calculation of integral by the standard Gauss–Legendre quadrature rule requires specific number of Gauss quadrature points for getting the desired accuracy which minimizes the computational cost. Whereas the element stiffness matrix is calculated numerically with required number of Gauss quadrature points for different element with respect to the material properties. Most of the auto-mesh software consider constant number of Gauss quadrature points for all the elements irrespective of their distortion and material behaviour. The main motivation of this work is to build an accurate and computationally efficient quadrature scheme with the help of standard Gauss–Legendre quadrature rule for computing elemental stiffness matrix. An efficient method is developed using a deep neural network to predict respective number of Gauss quadrature points for given element coordinates and the material properties.

In this paper, a parallel strategy for assembly of finite element matrices on graphics processing unit (GPU) is presented. Considering the limited memory size of a GPU, the proposed strategy doesn’t store the elemental matrices into memory but performs on-the-fly computation and stores the data directly into a global stiffness matrix, reducing memory requirement and preventing overhead due to a separate assembly step. The global stiffness matrix is stored in compressed sparse row (CSR) storage format, commonly used by GPU-accelerated linear solver libraries. However, the assembly of elemental matrices directly into a sparse storage format requires prior knowledge of locations of nonzeros. The current work presents an efficient strategy to pre-compute indices for assembly into CSR sparse storage format. The proposed strategy has been implemented on both CPU and GPU. The performance characteristic of the proposed finite element solver is measured by solving large-scale three-dimensional (3D) elasticity problem involving a maximum of 4.7 million degrees of freedom (DOFs). A comparison is made with the standard assembly implementation in Eigen C++ library, which first stores the nonzero values in the form of triplets and then assembles into CSR sparse format. For the finest mesh with 4.7 million DOFs, the proposed CPU-based assembly strategy achieves 9.3× speedup over Eigen library. The computation of indices for assembly into CSR format takes 15.7 s on CPU and 2.4 s on GPU for 4.7 million DOFs. The computation of elemental matrices and their assembly, implemented on GPU as a single compute kernel, is found to be up to 24.3× faster than optimized CPU implementation. In terms of wall-clock time, the GPU-accelerated finite element solver is found to have up to 4× speedup over CPU solver.

Most upper limb exoskeletons that have been presented in the literature are either intended for rehabilitation or for some type of industrial or Military work. However, there are a select few breakthroughs that offer both characteristics and aid with everyday life tasks. This study describes a wearable upper limb exoskeleton that can help people who have lost their ability to move and are undergoing rehabilitation. The exoskeleton arm has a maximum load lifting capacity of 50 kg and can lift that much weight with a 150-psi compressor pressure, which can help people with daily activities and provide mobility. In this study, a pneumatic exoskeleton arm with seven degrees of freedom (DOF) and flex sensors is used to control the extension and retraction of the arm using portable pneumatic pumps. This enables us to carry out the rehabilitation motion as exactly as possible and prevents us from adopting unfavourable postures while searching for the necessary answers. Promising findings were obtained through fabrication and testing that were done to validate our concept.

Nowadays, the technology that has been into the industry revolves around the use of sensors and motors to segregate the waste that is put into the machine/bins. Machine automatically senses the type of waste being put into it and it segregates and pushes down the waste into the respective bin, but these machines have been built on an industrial scale which uses massive conveyer belts and more advanced technology to sense the type of the waste, and these machines are quick but very expensive. The automation in these machines is of utmost importance, and different controls are required for temperature management, operation, and other specific variable control. The present work is the effort of making a scalable model of stone and gas segregator machine. The objective is to segregate glass with similar materials having similar properties. In this study, a framework is proposed for designing and controlling the various sensors that will be used in machine.

Buckling is characterized as the sudden sideways failure of a member when subjected to axial compressive stresses. The load is eccentric, which introduces a secondary bending movement that is not part of the primarily applied forces. Buckling analysis is performed on the piston rod of the hydraulic cylinder which compresses huge volumes of cotton. The piston rod, according to its slenderness ratio, falls under the category of long columns, which makes it extremely vulnerable to buckling. A comparative study is performed based on Euler’s formula as well as the finite element method. Results using the software approach are obtained for up to three modes. Mathematically, it has been found that the rod is operating with a factor of safety of 2.30, whereas in finite element analysis, the factor of safety turned out to be 7.12. Furthermore, the paper also focuses on different techniques that can be incorporated into piston rods to increase their buckling resistance.

Additive manufacturing is an integral part of the upcoming digital era and is still developing to become more effective and affordable. Various challenges are faced during the making of additive manufactured parts. Even after extensively using high-tech designing software to design the parts, we are not able to attain the desired product finish after manufacturing due to some design challenges. Manufacturing using additive technology is new and is slowly evolving. This evolution has been faced with a lot of challenges from various aspects. The challenges are mainly formation of stair steps, void in the packing formation, porosity, limited additive manufacturing material palette, and large-scale building capacity, limiting to personal fabrication and rheological scaling of powder dispersed in thermoplastics. These challenges were identified and reviewed to study its formation and the reason for its occurrence. Review is done in detail about these and manufacturing process-related challenges and their effect on additive manufactured parts.

The amalgamation of the kinematic chain needs to acquire the data of the kinematic chain precisely and thoroughly. Isomorphism recognition is a fundamental stage in kinematic chain blend. In this article, a clever isomorphism assurance technique for planar kinematic chains with different joints dependent on joint-joint matrix portrayal was proposed. Initially, a joint-joint matrix is introduced to portray the kinematic chain, which can exceptionally address the kinematic chain structure. Then, at that point, connections and joints data were extricated from the matrix. The isomorphism of kinematic chain is distinguished by looking at connections, joints and matrices. Furthermore, the connection between the connections and the joints comparing to the isomorphic kinematic is not really settled. At long last, the models show that the technique is novel and proficient. The mechanisms can be formed by fixing different links and joints in a particular order or a random order.

A spherical joint, also known as a ball-and-socket joint, allows three degrees of rotational freedom about the center of the joint between the two connected segments. Recent trends in the mechanical design of manipulators that have been targeted as essential and have the required reduction of moving masses have resulted in an increase in rigidity. By placing a spherical joint at the base of a manipulator, we can eliminate the number of links and joints (e.g., in the articulated manipulator, we can eliminate the twisting joint at the base and revolute joint at the shoulder) in the configuration of the manipulator by achieving a similar workspace. In the present study, an attempt was made to visualize a new spherical manipulator joint mechanism.

In last two decades, significant efforts have been done to utilize solar energy for the production of drinkable water from saline or dirty water. This is preferred due its availability and renewability. Solar desalination concept is preferred due to its availability and renewability. This has potential to provide sustainable solution to solve water at the lowest cost and lower maintenance expenses. Sustained and concerted efforts are done worldwide to tap the available solar energy because of its free availability and also our conventional energy resources are depleted at faster rate. Continuous concerted endeavour is being taken by the researcher to further improve desalinated water yield per day. Convectional solar still has lower yield rate. The daily water yield can be increased further by using additional heat in the solar still by employing addition solar collectors. In this paper, application of addition solar collector has been modelled. Application of additional solar collector to further enhance the productivity of the solar still. Different modifications and the effect of modifications on the productivity of single as well as double slope solar still are vividly discussed. Application of phase change material in the basin has been also preferred by the researchers to utilize the solar still when the solar energy is not available.

The method to enhance the performance of race cars by adding downforce producing devices is well established and started in the 1960s when wings were first used. In short, wings enhance the effectiveness of the tires by increasing the load on the tires without adding the equivalent mass. As mentioned earlier, wings increase race car performance by providing a “massless” load to the tires. The wings will add weight to the vehicle, and the performance gain must outweigh the drawbacks of this extra weight and the addition of drag that the wing also cause. As a key characteristic of the vehicle, aerodynamic characteristics have close relationships with handling stability, safety, dynamics, fuel economy, and so on. The aerodynamic characteristics’ influence on the vehicle performance is particularly obvious; for formula cars with exposed wheels, the car wheel resistance accounted for the proportion of the total resistance sometimes can go to over 45%. In the car development process, researchers pay great attention to the car aerodynamic characteristics research and optimization, and aerodynamics package has become an important part of the car. Optimization is one of the most important parts of the aerodynamic devices design because optimization is done by taking into consideration of many parameters. First, the wings are optimized to the maximum downforce and minimum drag individually by altering the angle of attack of both the ME (main element) and FE (flap element) and the position of the flap element concerning the main element. Then the individually optimized wings are incorporated into the CAD (Computer Aided Design) model and further optimized to tune the wings to get the maximum efficiency out of the car.

Underwater vehicles play an essential role in marine geosciences, resource exploration, and strategic applications. The addition of a manipulator to the underwater vehicles extends their capabilities for underwater intervention, object handling, and sample collection. When the manipulator interacts with the underwater environment, it experiences different reaction forces, including hydrodynamic forces. These reaction forces may cause destabilization of the vehicle, which would make it difficult to perform the manipulation task. It is important to ensure the stability of the underwater vehicle while the manipulator is interacting with the subsea environment. This paper presents a study of manipulator hydrodynamic forces and base reaction forces, which would be transferred to the underwater vehicle. These reaction forces need to be compensated by the thrusters of the vehicle to achieve stability. In this work, the variation of drag coefficient with velocity and along the length of the manipulator is considered first time in the dynamic modeling of a two-link underwater manipulator. These results would provide input to the design of suitable controllers for the stability of the vehicle.

Reflection of the fundamental and higher mode of the torsional wave is considered. To evaluate the reflection coefficient, FEM is performed. Simulation result was validated by existing data. For the T(0, 2) mode, reflection coefficient was calculated in frequency range 300–00 kHz and compared with reflection coefficient for T(0, 1) in the same frequency range. The results show high rate of T(0, 2) reflection, which can be used for further studies or damage detection.

The method of measuring the thickness of the specimen using bulk waves is an effective technique for measuring the thickness of the structure in the ultrasonic non-destructive technique. The principle of measuring the bulk wave thickness can be used to determine the thickness of the structure using the correlation between the reciprocating time when the ultrasonic waves pass through the internal material of the specimen and return from the bottom. As interest in 3D printers has increased recently, this paper studied how to process ultrasound A-scan signals reflected from the bottom when measuring the thickness of a structure using the above method. For the experiment, the step wedge manufactured in units of 5 mm from 5 to 25 mm with a 1018 steel material was repeatedly tested using volumetric waves, a result value was derived, and data was generated by imaging it, and then the neural network was trained using MATLAB’s Pre-trained Deep Neural Networks. Afterward, the A-scan image of step wedge produced by 3D printer was added to the learned network and used as test data, indicating that the classification according to thickness was very good. Finally, the results were confirmed by training to classify the image results of the defective step wedge produced by the 3D printer. This study is believed to be effective as a basic study in comparing specimens produced with 3D printers through Deep Learning and observing defects.

For arid and humid regions, atmospheric water condensation becomes the main water source when the water vapor in moist air is condensed effectively and efficiently. In this manuscript, an atmospheric water generator is designed and fabricated. The vapor compression system is used for cooling moist air. These cooling tubes are arranged in a rectangular shape in a vertical orientation such as pulsating heat pipes arrangement. The refrigerant R-22 flows inside the tubes. However, the condensation of moist air took place over these tubes’ surface which is coated by hydrophobic coating. This device was examined at various environmental conditions and condensing water from moist air. It has the maximum capacity to produce 6-L water in a day having a relative humidity of 70% and an atmospheric temperature of 32 ℃. However, the average power consumption in a day is 0.89 kWh/liter. This arrangement of the evaporator in vapor compression cooling has a high condensation coefficient as compared to other arrangements.

Humanity’s recognition action from a visual standpoint content is a difficult task as different types of problems arise in the recognition of human action. In the realm of computer vision, human action recognition (HAR) has reached a significant milestone. The advancement of technology allows us to address this issue and makes it a viable topic of research. A lot of research has already been done on HAR, and still, a lot is left. In this context, the focus of this survey is on the various types of HAR approaches that have been developed in the recent ten years. This paper uses a hidden Markov model based on several algorithms to solve the problem of human action recognition. We are comparing two techniques of HAR to find the best out of them. The hidden Markov model and the convolution neural network are two types of neural network. A convolutional neural network (CNN) capable of recognizing local patterns in input data is trained to recognize human actions from the local patterns in the feature representation. We found out that CNN is a better algorithm for recognizing human actions as it shows the body’s movement and body joints in two different aspects of the CNN graph.

The present research work is aimed at performing modal analysis of an impact energy absorption assembly for a four-wheeler vehicle. In this work, an impact energy absorption mechanism is proposed where the crushing of composites principle is used. With the help of vehicle motion sensors, actuators, and high-speed pumps, the mechanism’s bumper will be extended, which will then hit the forward obstacles before the actual collision occurs. The bumper on its way back will crush the composites, which will absorb some of the impact energy, and some of the energy will also be absorbed by the shock absorbers. Thus, the complete mechanism will tend to reduce the damage caused to passengers and vital engine components.

The upright of the car is one of the most critical components of the car. In this paper, the front upright of a tadpole-shaped three-wheel solar electric car has been designed and analysed. The dynamic forces acting on the upright are calculated considering the extreme condition of braking while cornering, such that the inner front wheel loses contact with the ground, and the car is about to topple. A suitable material has been chosen for the upright, and then the design is analysed using finite element analysis (FEA). Lastly, iterations in the design have been done to achieve the required factor of safety.

Road crashes have been one of the most frequent causes of death in recent years. The majority of these accidents include two-wheelers, where the chances of survival are very low, but wearing protective gear and obeying traffic laws can reduce the chances of death. The idea of an advanced helmet system is an effective approach which forces a rider to wear a helmet and avoid the consumption of alcohol before or during the ride. The system consists of two units, i.e. the helmet unit and the vehicle unit. The helmet unit consists of a force-sensing resistor to check if the rider is wearing the helmet and an alcohol sensor which detects the consumption of alcohol. Both the signals are sent to the vehicle unit, and if the rider fulfils the criteria (wearing a helmet and NOT consuming alcohol), then only the unit allows the ignition of the vehicle. If the rider is drinking at any point of time throughout the ride, the unit will cut off the ignition. The helmet unit also includes a DRL system that reflects the LED indications (brakes, turning indicators) from the vehicle to the back of the helmet to make the rider more visible to others at night. The main highlight of this system is the introduction of a wireless dongle receiver, which comes with the helmet unit and can be plugged into the vehicle at the time of riding. In countries like India, the majority of the population can only afford two-wheelers, so implementing this system will make it compulsory for riders to wear a helmet, thus making these roads a safer place.

To ensure that any structure manufactured by the industry operates satisfactorily without breaking under the specified load requirements, it is extremely important to do stress analysis after designing a component as it will reduce a lot of time during design, by avoiding the redesign procedure due to structural verification during failure tests. Stress analysis plays an important role in today’s era. In today’s competitive market, every part that is manufactured requires proper designing and correct material selection because every part has to undergo various forms of stresses on applying load. Thus, through our research we have tried to demonstrate the importance of stress analysis on a connecting rod and the right material for the manufacturing of it. In this paper, we carried out with the structural static stress analysis of a connecting rod with different materials, using software called Autodesk Fusion 360. By doing this we were able to make a comparison among factors of safety, stress, strain and displacement with our selected materials.

This paper aims to study the vortex generators, placed near the separation point over various aerofoils to enhance the aerodynamic performance. The numerical and experimental study was conducted by placing minute-sized vortex generators to overcome parasite drag which improves the aerodynamic performance. Symmetrical and cambered aerofoil with the same thickness of 21% are chosen and analyzed at different angle of attack with a free stream velocity of 15 m/s and Reynolds number of 140,625. Simulation results of 0.2C showed that stalling angle of attack enhanced by 18 and 16% and drag increased by 1% for cambered and symmetrical aerofoil, respectively. Validation experimental results showed a good agreement with simulation results with a difference of 10%. The vortex generators are efficiently working on symmetrical aerofoil as compared to a cambered aerofoil.

Cloud computing is a rapidly growing technology, but because of its distributed nature, it is also susceptible to attacks. To ensure security, data transferred uses cryptographic algorithms to encrypt the data. These algorithms’ performance is vital as data needs to be available quickly and accessible to users. A reliable way to compare performance that is normalized is through throughput. This paper compares some of the state-of-the-art used algorithms in cryptography to newer algorithms depending on the file size based on their throughput (kilobyte per millisecond). The algorithms were divided depending on their file size into three different groups. The conclusion was that different algorithms perform best for different file sizes. Algorithms, on average, work best on data between 1 and 10 MB in size, according to this research.

Generative design is a new approach to breaking creative barriers that involve having the computer-generated various design options. These generative designs are created by employing geometrical and mathematical algorithms, which require the use of textual and visual programming languages to express. A non-programmer CAD designer will find it easier to use a visual programming language than a textual language. Two modern visual programming tools, Siemens NX’s Algorithmic Feature and Rhinoceros 3D’s Grasshopper were contrasted in this paper. In order to compare and demonstrate the two visual programming tools, a conical spiral tubular structure is modeled in Algorithmic Feature and Grasshopper using the identical algorithm. The user interface and several keywords used to implement algorithms are also explained in the paper, including an example of an algorithm to model a conical spiral tubular structure in Algorithmic Feature and Grasshopper. The numerous aspects of both modern visual programming tools such as usability and functionality were reviewed and summarized in this paper. The associativity and custom feature functionality of Siemens NX’s Algorithmic Feature was also explored in this paper.

The scope of this study is discussion of a methodology for designing and manufacturing quadcopters for use in agricultural settings. This particular quadcopter is equipped with a pesticide spraying tank that is attached to it. Because pesticides pose a risk not just to the insects they are intended to kill but also to humans. Pesticides are harmful to humans because they alter the nervous system and induce sickness. An unmanned aerial vehicle, often known as a UAV, may be used to spray pesticides and fertilizers, therefore reducing the risk to humans in the area. As a direct result of this, the goal of this project is to design and construct a quadcopter that is equipped with a spraying unit for use in agricultural applications. This will have a competitive advantage in terms of area coverage because to the speed of the UAV, and it will also reduce the amount of pesticide that is wasted. By reducing the amount of manual labor that must be performed by humans, this tactic helps save both time and money. However, a number of issues, including crop area that is not covered in the spraying process, overlapping spraying, and other challenges that are typical in manual spraying, have the potential to reduce productivity or possibly cause harm. The load-carrying capability of the UAV and the spraying unit will serve as the foundation for the design plan. It is planned to build and evaluate a radio-controlled quadcopter, also known as an RC Quadcopter.

UAV or unmanned aerial vehicle is perhaps the most niche and sophisticated means of aviation tech that has evolved to a greater degree in the past few years. Today, drones are employed to serve a wide range of applications, among them military operations, emergency medical supplies, firefighting, thermal image processing, and mapping are the major areas of operations. Further, the marked improvements in drone technology in the last few decades have ensured that the drone can be successfully put into practice in the field of agriculture. The design of a UAV is the most important element which determines how a UAV will phase-in in its general practice. The mechanical and electronic facets that comprise a drone must ensure synchronous working so that the final design delivers a stable flight. This paper not only describes the various use-case scenarios of drones in the field of agriculture but also details the design of a hexacopter with a spraying mechanism, specifically meant to ease agricultural work. Additionally, it encompasses the layout of various design steps that are required to build such a hexacopter. Also, a custom spraying mechanism that sits at the heart of this hexacopter is comprehensively discussed in this paper. The hexacopter design presented has a payload-carrying capacity of 1 L and a maximum flight time of 10–15 min. Apart from this, the various shortcomings and challenges have also been duly addressed to give a wider perspective to not only the readers but also to the researchers working on future drones.

The ways of electrical power generation are a burning issue worldwide. Today, the world is realizing the benefits of substituting former fossil fuels with new renewable energy methods. Sea waves are an untapped energy resource that provides a strong, predictable, and environmentally friendly renewable energy source. Along its 6000 km of coastline, India has a potential of around 40,000 MW. The purpose of this research is to determine the economic viability of Indian coastal sites when converting wave energy into electricity. The electricity generated at each site is calculated for Pelamis wave energy converter (WEC) technology, which is supported by comparisons of the plants and their optimized electrical generation. The world is now seeing the advantages of replacing old fossil fuels with modern renewable energy sources. Sea waves, e.g., can provide powerful, predictable, environmentally sustainable, and easily accessible renewable energy. India’s capacity along its 6000 km of coastline is estimated to be around 40,000 megawatts. In order to calculate the electricity costs generated in each plant for the application of Pelamis WEC technology. The goal of this assessment is to include current Indian economic estimates.

The way in which the fluid is to be kept and transferred is a vital component of any cryogenic system. These vessels to store cryogenic fluids can be categorized into low-performance insulations and high-performance insulations. Low-performance insulations include cork, foam, or fibrous insulation, high-performance insulations consist of multilayer insulation system and the container is evacuated. Selection of appropriate insulation method is an important task. A liquid helium Dewar is a storage vessel with advanced thermal insulations techniques. In today’s date, the most common way of insulating these vessels is using multilayer insulation (MLI). This paper will throw light on different insulation concepts used in storage systems and give an approach for selection of proper insulation method. The present work deals with 120 l capacity liquid helium cryostat which uses a multilayer insulation system which uses evaporated cold vapour of cryogenic system to reduce heat leak and gives an approach for design of aluminium alloy-based liquid helium cryostat. This work is carried out by calculating heat leak from vessel and neck tube due to solid conduction, fluid conduction, radiation heat leak and heat leak by residual gas conduction in vacuum space, etc.

Under normal working conditions, the turbine blades are subjected to a steam load and centrifugal force. The steam load acts on the blade surface in the form of a pressure load. This steam load does, in fact, have dynamic components. The flow dynamics of the steam as it travels past the rotating blades cause the steam loading to fluctuate over time. The measurement of these time-varying steam loads, on the other hand, necessitates specialised instrumentation. The steam loading acting on the pressure side of the turbine blade is presumed to be constant with time due to lack of data about the time-variable nature of the steam load. So, a static analysis of the turbine blade subjected to this pressure loading is carried out in this study.

In this proposed work, the piecewise linear approximation technique has been used to get a simpler digitally implemented hardware, i.e., a biological neuron with a nonlinear activation function. This design included the sigmoidal function that has been utilized as an activation function. In this artificial model, the neuron is able to distinguish between the two input attributes in terms of their weights. The suggested digitally implemented neuron hardware could be utilized as a fundamental building component in the creation of a general digital network of neurons or neural networks. The inputs are formatted in a specified way, which is required for the piecewise linear approximation technique. The text of the paper includes an overview of the fundamental component required as well as issues encountered during the design of neuron architecture.

Mechanized guide vehicles are one of the many innovative methods of handling materials that are being developed daily. Other processing and storage devices may be used to interact with and operate an intelligent computer control system. Multiple low-volume components may be processed at once by FMS. The FMS components must work together, and the planning issue has become more complicated. Mechanized guide vehicles are increasingly being used in today’s lines of work. The improved material transfer quality is the goal of the present initiative, which intends to boost output by 20%. Machine control is still required in many applications, despite the advancements in MGV technology. The preparation of MGVs and the scheduling of activities on machine centers are critical to the overall productivity of the FMS. A genetic algorithm (GA) method is used to finish this task in a particular FMS environment. Mechanized guided vehicles greatly assist in material handling during loading and unloading. Analytical and numerical methods are used to estimate loading/unloading in a material handling system using MGV. In an MGV multi-load behavior, more than one job can be completed. When using a flexible production system, the dispatching rule is used to transmit the product.

This paper identifies the problem of discharge of a battery because of the frequent operation of brake lights in an automobile. This problem is solved through the investigation of a two-stage epicyclic gear train for a vehicle. The revolving axis of certain gears in mesh with numerous gears at the same time and co-axiality of input and output shafts are all properties of the epicyclic gearbox, which is commonly used in tractors, high-speed gas turbines, and construction equipment. In order to regenerate the energy that is emitted during the process of braking, an epicyclic gearbox is used, which uses the emitted energy to regenerate energy and produce electricity using a dynamo. This electricity is used to illuminate the brake lights. The automatic brake light ignition system is developed using the process of regeneration. The existing system requires a charge from the battery present in an automobile, in order to make the automobile futuristic and efficient. A small gearbox has been developed that operates during the time of braking only. The article examines a regenerative braking system, a clear mechanism that includes a dynamo, a planetary gear system, and brake lights as one of the key parts, while keeping size and weight restrictions in mind. Kinetic energy is converted into elastic potential energy in this system. In the system, mechanical energy is transformed into electrical energy. This electrical energy is used in brake lights to operate them and can be fed to the battery itself to recharge it.

The main objective of this research is to study the Internet network performance across many countries including India in last few years. Comparisons are drawn between the various conditions that existed in the nation at that period and how the network in those regions was most affected. Ping end-to-end reporting is known by the acronym PingER. This study, which began in 1995, set out to gauge Internet performance for a number of different reasons. To enhance the monitoring experience, I have designed an IOS application for researchers to help them remotely monitor and encryption of the server’s geolocation to protect it from various malicious attacks. This paper discusses the same in detail. PingER (ping end-to-end reporting) is the name given to the Internet end-to-end performance measurement (IEPM) project to monitor the end-to-end performance of Internet links. Hence to secure the data that is being transferred around the world, there is an urgent need to maintain its integrity as well, without doing so the credibility of the data can be tampered with or worse re-routed and manipulated. Not only this since it is a project to improve and identify the bad links between the networks, but the users also provide a direct link to access and review them, thus creating a need to build an application that is readily available to the audience to use and monitor. Since PingER measurements are conducted for more than 700 targets in over 160 countries, which indeed constitutes 99% of the world’s population. This paper discusses the necessity for and creation of an IOS application that will attempt to give capabilities similar to a PingER MA to aid researchers in real-time pinging and monitoring. Also, to avoid information hijacking and manipulation, enable encryption and IP spoofing on the SLAC PingER server.

The use of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in commercial and military fields has risen exponentially. The flapping of birds has always been one of the prominent topics of research. The flapping motion of birds gives the basic idea behind the propulsion of flapping UAV. This work starts with the study of available flapping mechanisms. Followed by the design process based on creative design theory. We have found out an atlas of 10 planar mechanisms with 4, 5, 6, 7 bar linkages. This atlas can be used for design and development of flapping UAV.

The functionality of an engine relies on the efficient working of its piston. The piston is always acted upon by cyclic stresses and dynamic loads which directly affects its performance. Therefore, it is imperative to study its static and modal characteristics. The present study has been carried out to analyse the natural frequencies of vibration of a mechanical piston. The piston model used in the study has been modelled for two different aluminium alloys AA6105 and A7075-T6. Honda Activa 110 cc BS-IV Engine has been used for standard piston dimensions. Finite element analysis solver ANSYS has been used to perform static structural analyses. The equivalent stress, shear stress, and deformation in the solid model of the piston were obtained for two different aluminium alloys. The von Mises stress is computed as 163.87 MPa and 157.75 MPa for AA6105 and A7075-T6, respectively, which were below the yield value of the material. Six vibration modes were computed by performing modal analysis on piston considering both the aluminium alloy materials. The lowest natural frequencies reported for AA6105 and A7075-T6 were 8320.8 Hz and 8185.6 Hz, respectively. The piston skirt shows maximum deformation under different modes of natural frequencies. The solid model showed improvement in static and dynamic capabilities of a piston. Findings of this study will serve as a reference and framework for piston design.

Electrical energy is an important parameter for the economy and development of society in any country. An energy crisis is faced by almost one-third of the world’s population today. The power issues can be alleviated by utilizing renewable energy resources in the modern power system. These energy sources are modular in nature and environment friendly. This work entails connecting fuel cells, a PV array system, and a battery with the grid. Discrete PID and fuzzy controllers are used to ensure the desired voltage/current outputs. The simulation results indicate that discrete PID controller output yields in distortion and disturbances. However, a modified fuzzy controller with increased membership function width results in far better outputs. The obtained output voltage and current waveforms are uniform with the reduction in overshoot.

In this paper, the study has been done for modeling of universal joints and analysis by using Ansys software for structural steel and titanium alloy as materials used. After that performed meshing and gives three possible solutions which are total deformation, equivalent stress, and safety factor. Finite elements analysis is done in the universal joint by considering and applying the average load on it. The analysis confirms the successful design of the universal joint. The study is done by providing real data for the experiments. The safety factor and equivalent stress are more, and total deformation is less in Universal joint-2. So, according to analysis, titanium alloy is the best material for the universal joint and is long-lasting. Because it is lightweight as compared to other materials used for automobile parts manufacturing.

Biogas is a relatively clean source of energy that can be used to generate small scale electrical power at an affordable cost. This technology is still new in most African countries which are heavily depended on electricity generated from fossil fuels but is well known in industrialized countries like Germany. In Zimbabwe, a Southern African country, there was no biogas plant that generates electrical power at the time of this compilation. The main objective of this research is to produce electricity from biogas using a simple system that can easily be adopted in African countries. In this project, a model is proposed which enables the generation of electricity from biogas using a spark ignition engine coupled to a synchronous generator. The biogas fuels the spark ignition engine which drives the generator. Two generators and two engines with the same properties are used to illustrate the process of synchronization. Matlab simulation software is used to illustrate the coupling of the engine to the generator. A sinusoidal three-phase alternating voltage is observed from each generator when the simulation is run. This is a key finding showing the viability of the low-cost system. An online biogas calculator designed by the Indian Biogas Association is also used to show that different substrates produce different amounts of electrical power. This crucial realization should be kept in mind when choosing a suitable substrate for the project. The electricity produced will be used by the rural communities of third world countries which do not have direct access to grid power and depend on fossil fuels.

Robots today are being controlled in various ways. One of the ways on the frontier of robotics is controlling them via gestures, and when wearable technology is incorporated, then it becomes more intelligent, more capable, and much more user-friendly. This paper is all about movement of robots using gestures that are quick and responsive. We have discussed the idea through a model of car (robot chassis) that can be very easily controlled by simple human hand gestures. Gesture-controlled car is for concept validation; simple user interactions can be used for the movement of the robotic vehicle. The hand glove worn by the user comprises an accelerometer and transmitter, and it allows the sensor worn by humans to stay compact. The technique and technology discussed will facilitate better military applications, medical use, disaster rescue operations, and monitoring and operation of industrial and research equipment in hazardous zones.

The aeronautics community has long hoped to enjoy a nonstop flight at high altitudes for long durations. The features of such an aircraft would enable it to carry out a wide range of tasks for a wide range of potential users. With the integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) technology for powering the aircraft, military surveillance, traffic control, environmental and meteorological monitoring, civil border patrol, and a wide range of civil communication applications are possible missions. This work presents the design and implementation of a functional solar unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) aircraft. The aircraft configurations were compared using a decision matrix that was based on the aircraft’s required characteristics.

Additive food manufacturing can help provide fast-paced customised food with specified nutritional values. This advanced process can be used to manufacture food items with predetermined quality. 3D food printing technology development requires unique extruder designs for fluid food ingredient deposition. The study of the rheological properties of food material is critical for determining the various factors that influence food printing. This research aims to develop an extruder that can print various food materials. For this, various rheological properties of food have been studied. A literature-based review is done on the correlations between the parameters affecting the printability of the formulations and the rheological properties of the end product. The results thus obtained show the various components of the screw-based extruder for 3D printing of food and the correlations between various rheological properties of food. A non-Newtonian, non-isothermal viscosity model has been used to describe the material’s rheology. The nozzle diameters required for printing various types of food were also studied. The screw-based 3D printer was constructed using SOLIDWORKS 2021, and simulation was done using COMSOL Multiphysics V.6.0.0.318 for velocity profile and pressure contour using wheat flour as the ink material.

The incremental sheet metal forming is highly flexible and a die-free production method for fabricating various sheet metal components using a CNC spindle tool. Compared to the conventional process, it is beneficial for small-batch components. In biomedical and aeronautical sectors, titanium grade-5 (Ti-6Al-4V) is highly recommended due to its optimal specific strength, biomedical applications, and excellent resistance rate against corrosion. This paper simulates a truncated conical, hemisphere, and hyperbolic geometry in the incremental sheet metal forming process. MATLAB programming is then used to compute the profile, modify, and export the data to the Abaqus input file format for further FE analysis. This research uses an explicit-based computational approach to simulate SPIF and determine the output response parameters such as residual stresses, von Mises stress distribution, and variation in sheet thickness along the deforming depth. The Johnson–Cook (J-C) parameters have been used for carrying out the incremental forming simulations. Compared to other tool path profiles, more compressive stresses were observed in the conical shape profile. The distribution of effective residual stresses and part thickness were also explored in a detailed comparison of various tool path profile predictions.

Several soft robots consist of pneumatic actuators which are developed by using rubber-like materials such as silicone rubber, dragon skin, elastosil, and ecoflex. The complex geometry and nonlinearity in the soft pneumatic actuator (SPA) make the analytical model very difficult to predict the bending behavior of the SPA. The computational simulation technique also known as the finite element method (FEM) is an alternative and effective way to determine the bending behavior of soft actuators. In this work, two SPAs with the plane and corrugated structures are designed and compared in terms of bending angle using FEM. Ecoflex 0050 hyperelastic material model is considered for the analysis. From the FEM simulation results, it has been observed that the SPA with corrugated structure is more efficient because it shows a higher bending angle even at low pressure as compared to the plane-structured SPA. Moreover, a finer mesh led to the accurate distribution of stress and bending angle of the SPA.

Auxetics are the structures that exhibit a negative Poisson’s ratio. When subjected to axial tensile loading, they expand in the transverse direction similarly when subjected to compressive loading contracts in the transverse direction. Investigation of the response of auxetic structures under biaxial stress fields is an important factor, and not much work has been done to explore its behaviour under biaxial loading. This paper brings out a typical cruciform specimen comprising of the auxetic cluster in its central region. Anti-tetra chiral structures with different orientations of 0°, 30°, 45° and 60° degrees are embedded in the central region of a cruciform and are subjected to biaxial loading conditions. Four different biaxial ratios are investigated. It has been observed that 45° orientated auxetic cluster has shown minimum strain when compared to other orientations under different biaxial ratios.

Schlieren imaging has been utilized in experimental fluid mechanics as a tool in quantifying flow characteristics of gas flows. This non-intrusive technique when coupled along with cross-correlation turns to be effective in estimating velocity information. This study is an attempt to study the flow occurring around an airfoil, by cross-correlating successive schlieren images after seeding the flow with appropriate tracer particles with the aid of open-source software PIVlab®. Velocity variation at multiple spatial locations in a particular region of interest of flow around the airfoil was estimated in the study. The different possible reason(s) of error and necessary precautions while incorporating the method that should be followed have also been abridged.

A few years ago, flying with just solar power was a dream but in recent times many of the major challenges have been overcome and solar planes have become a reality. In the last forty years, numerous unmanned solar-powered aircraft has been developed and flown. Most of the research already done has focused on glider design or the conventional aircraft design, and most of the emphasis is given to the technological aspect. To capture solar radiation for use at daytime of the flight, solar-powered aircraft use solar panels but also save the remaining portion for the produced energy on the onboard battery for the night flight. The current study demonstrates a viability and feasibility of a solar aircraft with the design of a flying wing. It also demonstrates the different technologies that have already been developed, working together to form a solar aircraft.

The influence of changing the aspect ratio on the aerodynamic characteristics of flow over a trapezoidal cylinder is numerically explored. The study is conducted for a Reynolds number (Re) of 100, 0.0 ≤ d/D ≤ 1.0, and 0.5 ≤ h/D ≤ 2.0. The governing equations of fluid flow are discretized using the finite volume approach and solved using the PISO algorithm with the open-source CFD package OpenFoam. The effect of varying d/D and h/D on the mean coefficient of drag $$\overline{{C_{d} }}$$ C d ¯ , rms value of lift coefficient Clrms, and Strouhal number St are discussed. For all cases of side length ratios, consider the $$\overline{{C_{dp} }}$$ C dp ¯ dominates over the $$\overline{{C_{df} }}$$ C df ¯ and trend of $$\overline{{C_{d} }}$$ C d ¯ is similar as that of $$\overline{{C_{dp} }}$$ C dp ¯ . For all h/D and d/D values investigated in this study, the $$\overline{{C_{d} }}$$ C d ¯ , Clrms, and St were found to be decreasing.

The hot air balloon is the man’s earliest attempt to take off from the ground and be able to fly. The story of human flightstarted with hot air balloons, which are lighter than air aircraft. The modern aerospace industry can still use the technology that was developed in the olden time in an attempt to fly. Today, high-altitude balloons are used in various fields ranging from reconnaissance, recreational activities to high-altitude atmospheric and near-space atmospheric researches and high-altitude measuring hardware developments. The weather balloon or high-altitude balloon is one of the earliest aeronautical inventions which generally ferry instruments/equipment to higher altitudes to measure temperature readings and map out weather patterns with the help of Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS, transmitters) or Global Positioning System (GPS) and can be tracked with the help of radio stations and radar. This technology is widely used in the meteorological department by using balloons that can send meteorological data from high atmospheric altitudes to the operators on the ground. This paper attempts to represent the construction of an aerial mapping transosonde-type balloon fitted with a GPS tracker, which was formulated in the university, and terminate with few insights into high-altitude balloons in the near-space atmospheres.

Water level analysis is performed over a water body to find out the changes that have been occurred during a certain span of time. This analysis is done using Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) which is considered to be one of the most efficient methods as it provides accurate data. It uses near-infrared and visible green light for this purpose. The analysis is done to get the changes in the water index of the area over 10 years. The study is based on remote sensing data from the Landsat series. This paper’s research is based on pictures of the Nile River flowing through Cairo, Egypt, received from Landsat 8, and is accomplished by employing short-wave infrared sensors using Google Earth Engine.

Load stiffness tester possess an inevitably prominent position in the vast applications of mechanical systems. It is found during experimental investigation that the helical springs possess a linear behaviour, while the conical spring displays nonlinear behaviour. A new methodology based on stiffness measurement and cracking of walnuts is presented in this paper. This experimental setup measures not only stiffness of springs but also measures the stiffness of walnut shell. Stiffness of wide variety of walnuts varies due to number of factors and walnuts can be hard or soft. Stiffness was also assessed using same experimental setup with the load applied and corresponding deflection. Walnut shell stiffness of 90 samples was tested in broadly three categories: hard, medium hard, and soft. Measurement of stiffness provides good estimation whether walnut is soft, medium hard, or hard, besides convenient method of cracking of walnuts by machine. In the present work, manufacturing of single machine and its stiffness tester results are analysed for dual applications in measurement of walnut stiffness and spring stiffness.

Vehicle automation is of interest to researchers; there are many works done in this field, and many things have been achieved in all those researches in this field; this paper represents the chronological order of the details. This paper helps to understand the trend of vehicle automation. The research on vehicle automation starts in the 1920s, when the first vehicle was controlled using a radio controller and in subsequent decades, there have seen many attempts for developing an electric vehicle. The next big milestone was achieved in the 1960s when the first vehicle was automated using vision-guided technology. With the vision-guided system, many semi-automated systems were made which was the base of a fully autonomous vehicle. Automation was done to reduce human work and reduce human error in driving and following. This also saves time and the efficiency of the work is also increased. With the demand for more efficient and easier to use vehicles, this method was introduced. With this mechatronics system, one can achieve full automation driving in less than a decade. In this project, the objective is to create an easy to install system where vehicle can run autonomously without any human interaction with high precision. It can track the object and determine its path. A color tracking system is to be installed to decide the moving path trajectory.

In this paper, the design and simulation results of an ultra-broadband with high absorption rate metamaterial absorber known as MMA are presented. The structure of this material is composed of rectangular copper patches that are arranged on top of an FR-4 Epoxy dielectric substrate with a thickness of 2.7 mm. The relative bandwidth above 90% absorption rate is 73.3%, which covers X-band and middle section of the Ku-band of microwave frequencies. In order to better understand the absorption mechanism and optimize the design, the electric field, magnetic field, and surface current distributions of the MMA, as well as the effects of many important structural parameters on the absorber, are studied. The high absorption rate and ultra-broadband characteristics of the X-band and middle section of Ku-band enable it to be used for a wide range of applications, such as secret detection, thermal sensor, electronic-clocking devices, electromagnetic stealth, and shielding.

Winglets are basically nonplanar lifting surfaces that help in reducing wingtip vortices and induced drag associated with it. Winglets help to improve the lift to drag ratio (L/D) without significantly increasing the wing span. This paper attempts to design a novel winglet for aircraft, and parameters like lift, drag, and vortex intensity will be analyzed using CFD software ANSYS CFX. Design software SolidWorks is used in modeling the wing and winglet geometry. Extensive CFD simulations of selected winglets and the newly designed winglet will be conducted, and its results will be compared against the results of the CFD simulations conducted for a base wing without any winglets. These simulations will be carried out with the winglets at various angles of attack to understand the performance of each of the designs under various flight conditions. The results obtained by these CFD simulations will be validated by verifying with the results obtained theoretically. Other parameters will be kept constant so as to get consistent results without the influence of external conditions other than the angle of attack. A potential new and optimized winglet can help reduce fuel consumption, which also helps to reduce the emission levels. At the same time, it can also increase the service life of engines and reduce maintenance frequency as the thrust output required by the engine can be reduced (reduced load on the engines) as drag is reduced.

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) has been used to study and analyze a single leaf of the steel spring used in the Tata Ace© as its rear suspension. To compare the result, a single leaf composite spring has been designed by 3D modeling and optimized. Main consideration was to optimize the spring geometry to obtain spring that has maximum stress and is able to withstand the external static forces without failure. Deformation and stresses are the design constraints whereas width at the points and area of the cross section are the variables of the design. The comparison between PLA (Polylactic Acid), Carbon Fiber (390 GPa) and High Carbon Steel will be the primary objective of this paper in order to analyze max. and the min. stress on the mono leaf spring using different category of Materials.

Microsystems’ Technology has proven its utility in a variety of fields, including biomedical, material wisdom, and automotive. To transport/handle micro-sized objects safely, a typical microsystem requires a precise microgripper. The correct absorbing force must be considered when handling the components in order to cover the micro-part from inordinate absorbing force. Researchers have mentioned several tools, but a simple, low-cost, and compact tool is lacking. In this paper, an attempt is made to design a microgripper. A numerical simulation is used to develop and validate a mock rigid-body model (PRBM) of a biddable microgripper, and the issues are respectable.

Remote sensing techniques are utilized for the analysis of water and land cover. Normalized difference water index (NDWI) is applied for the identification of water-associated characteristics of an area. The technique is used for discovering water covers, moisture over an area, and identifying droughts. Modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) is capable of removing built-up land noise. This technique is appropriate for analyzing areas with many developed land areas. These techniques are made use of with the help of the SENTINEL-2A series. The area of interest in is Dubai, UAE. The image attained is a Level-1C orthorectified image. Google Earth Engine (GEE) is used to attain the images with the help of Top of Atmosphere Reflectance (TOA). The images are processed with the help of QGIS software. NDWI and MNDWI techniques are used to identify water covers in Dubai and identify places with the possibility of waterlogging.

In mechanical and civil engineering, beams are considered as a common feature of many buildings, structures buildings, and the bending beams studies are also a significant part of a comprehensive field of structural mechanics and mechanics of materials. Under the activity of a uniformly dispersed load along its own weight and an outside vertical accumulated load at the free end, the old style issue of deflection of linear elastic material of a cantilever beam is being analytically and numerically analyzed. Material is being presumed to be isotropic with the material AISI1020 Stainless Steel is being taken for the study. For the analytical evaluation of the system and for calculating beam material deflection, the SolidWorks program is being used. Finally, finite elements analysis is used to compare the numerical results with the analytical ones.

In the world of modernity, there is a need for alternative designs with improved quality, economy, and safety. Compliant mechanisms are single-piece pliable devices that can induce useful work through elastic deformations. Compliant mechanism gains their mobility through deflection of flexible members contrary to the traditional rigid body mechanism. Compliant mechanisms offer significant advantages such as fewer parts, less wear, noise, and backlash. Compliant mechanisms have the potential to solve many of the challenges faced in various fields. The compliant mechanism gives a precise and better solution. Compliant mechanisms have enormous applications in the field of transportation, aerospace, micro-mechanism, biomedical, handheld tools, MEMS, and robotics industry. However, many fields of engineering have started to use flexibility for better, more elegant, and ultimately more satisfying designs. The objective of the current work is to study and understand compliant mechanisms and their applications in various fields communicated by various researchers.

Hand pose detection is the system of recognizing where the joint of the hand is detected which is used to communicate the machine with the outside environment. In industries, 22.9% accidents are caused due to human faults. In order to avoid this accident, the human posture can be used to detect a human error in the industrial area, and when the human limbs enter the operation area, the machine can stop, thus preventing the accident. This can be implemented with the use of TensorFlow, MediaPipe, and OpenCV. This article focuses on the hand pose detection model used to prevent accidents at work. The study shows that the media pipeline hand gesture recognition model has the highest accuracy for recognition with OpenCV. The media pipeline recognizes 21 different locations on the palm that accurately detect the presence of the hand in the environment.

This paper presents the development of an artificial neural network and two suitable machine learning regression models for prognosis of photovoltaic panel using Python. The objective of this paper is to present the evaluation and comparison of the performances shown by the varying models. Their performances are evaluated in terms of their ability to predict the output voltages of a photovoltaic panel provided the operating values for temperature and irradiance. In order to implement the proposed scheme, a neural network-based approach and two different machine learning-based approach are designed and tested in Jupyter Notebook using Python.

A novel approach for determining the optimal scaling of unguided and guided rockets as a military decision aid is presented in this paper. The proposed method simulates a rocket model and perturbs key trajectory design parameters determining rocket impact accuracy. A Monte Carlo simulation is used for incorporating variations in input design parameters over a specified bracket and quantifying its effect on impact points of the rockets. Coverage-based solution for determining optimal mix of unguided and guided rockets is determined based on the ratio of these rockets for equal coverage if fired for the same range. Equal coverage is assumed to provide equal damage if warhead unit of both unguided and guided rockets is designed for equal lethal radius.

Robotics is creating a revolution in an industrial area because it cuts personnel and manufacturing time. In the present time, robotic arms play a vital role in the industry. To assure the robot's performance before it is used in real-world applications, it must be examined using software to prevent wasting energy and money. Robots’ performance determines the stability of the robotic arm. This paper uses SolidWorks and finite element analysis tools to create a pick-and-place robot arm model. The analysis of the robotic arm has been done with ANSYS, and statics analysis is presented in this paper with the robotic arm’s stress and strain diagram and deformation diagram.

One of the essential components used in blast furnaces to transform iron ore into hot metal (liquid iron), the majority of which is then processed into steel, is coke. Coke is a reducing agent and a load-handling tool in blast furnaces. Steel is produced at a lower cost because the coke ovens are using less specific energy. The current research article comprises the adjustments of the gas flow with respect to pushing and charging scheduled. This research work saved the coke oven gas up to 500 Nm3 per hour without affecting the quality of coke. This includes that the specific heating consumption value is also reduced from 640 to 620 (in kcal/kg) of the coke oven battery without any type of additional manpower and the physical type of resources. This type of experimental rectification or modification process of coke oven battery will be making blended coal to coke more energy efficient without any type of extra money addition.

Two-wheelers are the most preferred mode of transport by the majority of the Asians due to its size, price range and fuel requirement. But there is not much safety equipment present in accordance with the fact that the driver is directly in contact with the atmosphere. So, this paper deals with the various technologies under research and development and some safety technologies already in market to ensure safety in two-wheelers. This basically covers the different types of passive safety systems for the protection of the upper body of the rider. A detailed study of each technology including its principle, components, design, working and the advantages and disadvantages of each technology is covered. It covers the pre-requisite design conditions, general types of the safety systems and a detailed study of some of the most effective and feasible safety system.

The present study deals with the design and development of an axisymmetric heater for a rotor–stator system. The heater consists of three components: a nichrome heating coil, cellulose fiber cement board (CFCB), and a mica sheet. For making the uniform heater, two spirals are designed in Fusion360 software, and it is processed with a CNC machine called ShopBoat to make a spiral groove on CFCB. Nichrome heating coil is fitted into the spiral groove and covered with a mica sheet. To measure the performance of the heater, experiments are performed with aluminum disk and compared to standard heater used in industry. The result shows the variance of heat distribution of spiral coil heater with respect to the tangential direction at any radius is negligible which reflects the uniform heat distribution in tangential direction. This shows that a double spiral heater is very close to an ideal axisymmetric heater.

Because of the growing demand for high-speed rail vehicles and the ongoing development of these vehicles, the comfort and safety of passengers have become key criterion for advancement. The critical speeds of various DOFs with respect to suspension properties like stiffness and damping are first formulated, then calculated, and then assessed based on its dynamic equations in order to understand, investigate, and improve the ride stability of rail vehicles. To develop, research, and enhance the ride stability of rail cars, this is done. The secondary lateral damping is the most sensitive sort of suspension damper, according to studies employing dynamic equations. This kind of dampening contributes to the stability and ride comfort of rail vehicles.

We know very little about the structure and function of biofilms and how to control them, despite the fact that they are found in almost every environment. Biofilm production and interspecies interactions are complicated, which is why we don’t fully understand them. In this work, the two methods of tube adherence and micro-titer plate method were used to detect infectious biofilms on indwelling devices, and the testing capabilities of these methods were also examined. There’s no doubt that a better understanding of biofilm activities will lead to new and better ways to improve human health, as well as the development of biofilm management in biotechnological processes. It is difficult to eliminate complex biofilms due to the creation of EPS and the difficulties involved with cleaning complicated processing equipment as well as the surrounding environment. In this paper, stainless steel and plastic materials were put to the test in squares of 10 × 10 cm (100 cm2). For the recognizable proof of biofilm in the beginning stages of improvement, picture surface was surveyed. A co-occurrence gray-level matrix was created using ImageJ software for image analysis (GLCM). Principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out on the data using MATLAB and the PLS_Toolbox (PCA).

Total hip replacement (THR) is one of the most common procedures adopted to maintain the proper functionality of human anatomy due to rapture, sudden impact, osteoporosis, arthritis, inflammatory bones, etc. Biomaterials are indispensable parameters to be looked after before CAD designing prostheses or implants. The hip prostheses should be cost-effective, readily available, light in weight, and good in longevity and strength. This research paper explores the possibility of different biomaterials that qualify as hip prostheses materials. This paper emphasizes developing a synergistic approach toward finite element analysis. The computational design of the proposed hip implant is analyzed by applying different biomaterials such as Ti-based alloys, cobalt and its alloys, and ultrahigh polyurethane. The results show the von Mises stress pattern where Ti- and Zr-based biomaterials show higher load bearing ability as compared to other materials.