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2023 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

3. Faire Globalisierung und Migration für Beschäftigte im Gesundheitswesen?

Author : Cleovi C. Mosuela

Published in: Die globale Migration von Pflegekräften zurückgewinnen

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Zusammenfassung

In diesem Kapitel wird die sich abzeichnende Agenda der fairen Globalisierung und der fairen Migration im Rahmen globaler Instrumente zur Förderung von Good Governance bei der Regulierung der grenzüberschreitenden Mobilität von Arbeitnehmern nachgezeichnet. Ich behaupte, dass die aktuellen globalen Narrative zur Steuerung der Migration nicht nur Migranten aus dem Süden nach ihren Fähigkeiten unterscheiden, sondern auch darstellen, dass nur diejenigen, die im Norden begehrte Fähigkeiten besitzen, wie z. B. Arbeitskräfte im Gesundheitswesen, eine Diskussion über Fairness verdienen. Ein Narrativ ist die „faire Migration“, die darauf abzielt, einen fairen „Handel“ zu bestimmen, der die Rechte der Arbeitsmigranten unter der Bedingung schützt, dass die Bewegung des Humankapitals entsprechend den Kräften von Angebot und Nachfrage verteilt wird. Dies bedeutet, dass solche liberalen Werte untrennbar mit dem wirtschaftlichen Wert eines grenzüberschreitenden Wanderarbeiters verbunden sind.

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Stephen Castles, “A fair migration policy – without open borders,” (openDemocracy, 29 December 2003). https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/article_1657jsp/.

It is interesting how Tobin tax, an idea by the Nobel laureate economist James Tobin on currency transactions to discourage currency speculation (Pogge 1997), figures in international migration. However, Castle’s paper does not address its feasibility. Does it refer to finding solutions through market mechanism once again?

Thomas Pogge, “Migration and Poverty,” in Citizenship and Exclusion, ed. Veit Bader (Basingstoke and London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997).

Castles, “A fair migration policy – without open borders.”

Stephen Castles and Derya Ozkul, “Circular Migration: Triple win, or a new label for temporary migration?,” in Global and Asian Perspectives on International Migration ed. Graziano Battistella (Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2004).

Hein de Haas, “The Migration and Development Pendulum: A Critical View on Research and Policy,” International Migration 50, no. 3 (2012), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2012.00755.x.

De Haas, “The Migration and Development Pendulum: A Critical View on Research and Policy.”

Branka Likić-Brborić and Carl-Ulrik Schierup, “Labour Rights as Human Rights? Trajectories in the Global Governance of Migration,” in Migration, Precarity, & Global Governance: Challenges and Opportunities for Labour, ed. Carl-Ulrik Schierup et al. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).

Jean-Philippe Thérien, “Beyond the North-South Divide: The Two Tales of World Poverty,” in The Global Governance Reader, ed. Rorden Wilkinson (Oxon and New York: Routledge, 2005).

Likić-Brborić and Schierup, “Labour Rights as Human Rights? Trajectories in the Global Governance of Migration.”

Ibid.

See Foucault’s discussion of power/knowledge Michel Foucault, Ethics. Subjectivity and Truth, ed. Paul Rabinow, vol. 1, The Essential Works of Foucault 1954–1984, (New York: The New Press, 1997); Michel Foucault, Power, ed. James D. Faubion, vol. 3, Essential Works of Foucault 1954–1984, (New York: The New Press, 2000); Michel Foucault, “Governmentality,” in The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, ed. Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).

Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2012), xxxii.

Susan F. Martin, International Migration: Evolving Trends From The Early Twentieth Century To The Present (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014).

Martin, International Migration: Evolving Trends From The Early Twentieth Century To The Present.

Ibid.

Martin Geiger, “The Transformation of Migration Politics: From Migration Control to Disciplining Mobility,” in Disciplining the Transnational Mobility of People, ed. Martin Geiger and Antoine Pécoud (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).

Stephen Castles, Hein de Haas, and Mark J. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, 5th ed. (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).

Geiger, “The Transformation of Migration Politics: From Migration Control to Disciplining Mobility.”

Antoine Pécoud, “Introduction,” in Disciplining the Transnational Mobility of People, ed. Martin Geiger and Antoine Pécoud (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).

Bimal Ghosh, “A snapshot of reflections on Migration Management. Is Migration Management a Dirty Word?,” in The new politics of international mobility: Migration management and its discontents, ed. Martin Geiger and Antoine Pécoud (Osnabrück: Institut für Migrationsforschung und Interkulturelle Studien (IMIS)-Universität Osnabrück, 2012).

Ruben Zaiotti, “Mapping remote control: the externalization of migration management in the 21st century,” in Externalizing Migration Management. Europe, North America and the spread of ‘remote control’ practices, ed. Ruben Zaiotti (Oxon and New York: Routledge, 2016).

Zaiotti, “Mapping remote control: the externalization of migration management in the 21st century.”

Antoine. UK: Pécoud, Depoliticising Migration: Global Governance and International Migration Narratives (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015).

Rahel Kunz, “Depoliticisation through Partnership in the Field of Migration: The Mexico-US Case,” in Migration and Mobility Partnerships: Unveiling the Promise?, ed. Rahel Kunz, Sandra Lavenex, and Marion Panizzon (London: Routledge, 2011), 303.

Ali Farazmand, “Global Administrative Reforms and Transformation of Governance and Public Administration,” in Handbook of globalization, governance, and public administration, ed. Ali Farazmand and Jack Pinkowski (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2006).

Bimal Ghosh, “Towards a New International Regime for Orderly Movements of People,” in Managing Migration: Time for a New International Regime?, ed. Bimal Ghosh (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).

Jagdish Bhagwati, “Borders Beyond Control,” Foreign Affairs 82, no. 1 (2003), https://doi.org/10.7916/D8BV7SG6.

Bimal Ghosh, “Managing migration: whither the missing regime?,” (UNESCO 15 February 2005), Draft Article of the Migration Without Borders Series. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000139149.

Ghosh, “Managing migration: whither the missing regime?”

Bhagwati, “Borders Beyond Control.”

Ghosh, “Towards a New International Regime for Orderly Movements of People.”

Bhagwati, “Borders Beyond Control.”

Michele Klein Solomon and Kerstin Bartsch, “The Berne Initiative: Toward the Development of an International Policy Framework on Migration,” (1 April 2003, 1 April 2017), 1. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/berne-initiative-toward-development-international-policy-framework-migration.

“Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population Development”, (United Nations Population Fund 2014), 105. https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/programme_of_action_Web%20ENGLISH.pdf.

Swiss Federal Office for Refugees, “The Berne Initiative, Summary and Conclusions by the Chair, International Symposium on Migration (Berne, 14–15 June 2001),” (Switzerland: Switzerland: State Secretariat for Migration (SEM), 21 June 2001). https://www.refworld.org/docid/4034e6cf4.html.

“Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population Development”.

Martin, International Migration: Evolving Trends From The Early Twentieth Century To The Present.

“Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 23 December 2003”, in 58/208. International migration and development (United Nations, 13 February 2004). https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_58_208.pdf.

“High-level meetings of the 68th Session of the General Assembly,” (General Assembly of the United Nations, 25 January 2020 3–4 October 2013). https://www.un.org/en/ga/68/meetings/migration/about.shtml.

“Declaration of the High-level Dialogue on International Migration and Development”, (United Nations General Assembly 1 October 2013). https://undocs.org/en/A/68/L.5.

“Background,” Global Forum on Migration and Development, accessed 20 July 2017, https://gfmd.org/process/background.

Making migration work: an eight-point agenda for action, (New York: High-level Dialogue on International Migration and Development, 3–4 October 2013), https://www.un.org/en/ga/68/meetings/migration/pdf/migration_8points_en.pdf.

Making migration work: an eight-point agenda for action.

Migration in an Interconnected World: New Directions for Action. Report of the Global Commission on International Migration, (Global Commission on International Migration (GCIM), 5 October 2005), https://www.refworld.org/docid/435f81814.html.

Lisa Åkesson and Maria Eriksson Baaz, “Introduction,” in Africa’s return migrants: the new developers?, ed. Lisa Åkesson and Maria Eriksson Baaz (London: Zed Books, 2015).

Mitchell Dean, Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society (London: Sage, 1999).

Fair migration: Setting an ILO agenda, International Labour Organization (Geneva: International Labour Organization, 2014), https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/%2D%2D-ed_norm/%2D%2D-relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_242879.pdf.

“Fair migration agenda,” International Labour Organization, accessed 28 August 2015, http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/labour-migration/fair-migration-agenda/lang%2D%2Den/index.htm.

Dean, Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society, 23.

This Convention was adopted following World War II primarily to address labor migration in postwar Europe. Forty-nine countries have ratified this Convention, including Brazil, Germany, Israel, Norway, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Martin Ruhs, The Price of Rights: Regulating International Labor Migration (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2013).

The Convention was adopted to mitigate issues arising in the early 1970s when particular migration abuses, such as the smuggling and trafficking of migrant workers, attracted the attention of the international community (which remains the case today), this instrument devotes a whole section to irregular migration and to interstate collaborative measures considered necessary to prevent it. It also imposes an obligation on states to safeguard the basic human rights of all migrant workers, confirming its applicability to irregular migrant workers. Twenty-three countries have ratified this Convention. Ruhs, The Price of Rights: Regulating International Labor Migration.

As regards migrant worker protection, the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) adopted the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (CMW) in 1990. However, its ratification has been substandard, both in absolute and relative terms. Fewer than fifty countries have ratified it – the majority of these countries are migrant sending (such as Mexico, Morocco, and the Philippines) rather than migrant receiving. Ruhs, The Price of Rights: Regulating International Labor Migration.

Martin Geiger and Antoine Pécoud, “The Politics of International Migration Management,” in The Politics of International Migration Management, ed. Martin Geiger and Antoine Pécoud (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 19.

Fair migration: Setting an ILO agenda.

Ibid.

International Labour Organization, International Labor Organization Agenda Infographic.

Catherine S. Dolan, “Market Affections: Moral Encounters with Kenyan Fairtrade Flowers,” Ethnos 72, no. 2 (2007/06/01), https://doi.org/10.1080/00141840701396573.

Refugees, “The Berne Initiative, Summary and Conclusions by the Chair, International Symposium on Migration (Berne, 14–15 June 2001).”

“Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population Development”.

Solomon and Bartsch, “The Berne Initiative: Toward the Development of an International Policy Framework on Migration.”

A Fair Globalization: Creating Opportunities for All, (The World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization, 2004). https://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/2004/104B09_19_engl.pdf.

A Fair Globalization: Creating Opportunities for All.

Geiger, “The Transformation of Migration Politics: From Migration Control to Disciplining Mobility,” 29.

A Fair Globalization: Creating Opportunities for All, 103.

Other problems described are a sharp increase in illegal migration, estimated at 15 to 30 Mio. illegal or irregular immigrants worldwide, and an expansion in trafficking of people by unlawful syndicates; which can lead to women and children being trapped in exploitative and degrading situations. A Fair Globalization: Creating Opportunities for All, 96–97.

Lisa Åkesson, “Obstacles and openings: returnees and small-scale businesses in Cape Verde,” in Africa’s return migrants: the new developers?, ed. Lisa Åkesson and Maria Eriksson Baaz (London: Zed Books, 2015), 170.

Åkesson, “Obstacles and openings: returnees and small-scale businesses in Cape Verde.”

Piyasiri Wickramasekara, “Circular Migration: A Triple Win or a Dead End,” 1 February 2011, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1834762.

Steven Vertovec, “Circular migration: the way forward in global policy?,” (International Migration Institute Working Papers, 2007).

“Migration and Development: Some concrete orientations”, in Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions (European Commission, 2005). http://aei.pitt.edu/id/eprint/37779.

“Policy Plan on Legal Migration,” in Communication from the Commission {SEC(2005)1680} (Brussels: Commission of the European Communities, 2005).

“Circular migration and mobility partnerships between the European Union and third countries”, (Brussels: European Commission, 16 May 2007), 10.

Wickramasekara, “Circular Migration: A Triple Win or a Dead End.”

Ronald Skeldon, “Going round in circles: circular migration, poverty alleviation and marginality,” International Migration (2012), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2012.00751.x.

Vertovec, “Circular migration: the way forward in global policy?”

Wickramasekara, “Circular Migration: A Triple Win or a Dead End,” 1.

Gregory Feldman, The Migration Apparatus: Security, Labor, and Policymaking in the European Union (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012).

Feldman, The Migration Apparatus: Security, Labor, and Policymaking in the European Union.

Ibid.

Anna Triandafyllidou, Circular Migration between Europe and its Neighbourhood (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2013).

Triandafyllidou, Circular Migration between Europe and its Neighbourhood.

Wickramasekara, “Circular Migration: A Triple Win or a Dead End.”

Triandafyllidou, Circular Migration between Europe and its Neighbourhood.

Likić-Brborić and Schierup, “Labour Rights as Human Rights? Trajectories in the Global Governance of Migration.”

Ibid.

Bertelsmann Stiftung, ed., A fair deal on talent – fostering just migration governance (Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2015).

Bertelsmann Stiftung, https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/en/home/.

Bertelsmann Stiftung interview 24 June 2015.

Ibid.

See Dean, Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society.

Peter Miller and Nikolas Rose, “Governing economic life,” Economy and society 19, no. 1 (1990).

Nikolas Rose, Powers of Freedom. Reframing Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

See Matthias Zick Varul, “Ethical Consumption: The Case of Fair Trade,” Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie Sonderheft 49 (2009).

A Fair Globalization: Creating Opportunities for All. The World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization, 2004. https://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/2004/104B09_19_engl.pdf. Zugegriffen am 28.08.2015.

Åkesson, Lisa. 2015. Obstacles and openings: Returnees and small-scale businesses in Cape Verde. In Africa’s Return migrants: The new developers? Hrsg. Lisa Åkesson und Maria Eriksson Baaz, 152–170. London: Zed Books.CrossRef

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Dolan, Catherine S. 2007. Market affections: Moral encounters with Kenyan fairtrade flowers. Ethnos 72(2): 239–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/00141840701396573.CrossRef

Escobar, Arturo. 2012. Encountering development: The making and unmaking of the third world. Princeton/Oxford: Princeton University Press.CrossRef

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———. 2007. Circular migration and mobility partnerships between the european union and third countries. Brussels: European Commission.

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Title: Faire Globalisierung und Migration für Beschäftigte im Gesundheitswesen?
Author: Cleovi C. Mosuela
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Die globale Migration von Pflegekräften zurückgewinnen
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-39165-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-39166-8

Copyright Year: 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39166-8_3

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