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2024 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Großmachtkonkurrenz und internationale Politik

Author : Luba von Hauff

Published in: Handbuch Internationale Beziehungen

Publisher: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden

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Zusammenfassung

Dieser Beitrag beleuchtet die unterschiedlichen Zugriffe auf Großmachtinteraktion, mit besonderem Fokus auf die Multidimensionalität des Vorgangs. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff „Großmacht“ werden in den folgenden Abschnitten die unterschiedlichen theoretischen Perspektiven auf Großmachtkonkurrenz und -kooperation vorgestellt, ebenso wie die (macht)politischen Treiber dieser. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer Reflexion über die Bedeutung von Zufriedenheit für das Miteinander im internationalen System und regt an, den Vorgang der Großmachtkonkurrenz im sich manifestierenden multipolaren Zeitalter mithilfe eklektischer, theorie- und methodenübergreifender Ansätze zu betrachten, um ihn in seiner Fülle und Vielschichtigkeit zu begreifen.

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Footnotes
1
Charles Krauthammer prägte den Begriff des „unipolaren Moments“ im Jahr 1990.
 
2
Francis Fukuyama verfasste im Jahr 1989 den einflussreichen Artikel vom „Ende der Geschichte und dem Triumph der liberalen Idee“. Diese Begriffe prägten den globalen Diskurs in den darauffolgenden Dekaden.
 
3
Dies entspricht dem klassischen Machtbegriff von Dahl (1957). Zur Besprechung von „Macht“ siehe den Beitrag von Hendrik Ohnesorge in dieser Auflage.
 
4
Siehe auch Blainey 1988.
 
5
Siehe dazu auch Gilpin 1975, 1981; Waltz 1979, 2000a, b; Levy 1998, 2013. Für eine kritische Perspektive auf die Zentralität militärischer Macht in der internationalen Politik, siehe Art und Greenhill 2015; Baldwin 1979, 1999; Lasswell und Kaplan 1950; Mueller 1990.
 
6
So stand beispielsweise Europas Mächtegleichgewicht des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert im Schatten einer stark wachsenden russischen Bevölkerung (und auch der USA), heute hingegen sind es die bevölkerungsreichen China und Indien, deren Status als global aufstrebende Großmächte ohne ihre Demografie undenkbar wäre. Eine große Bevölkerung ist also die Grundvoraussetzung für Großmachtstatus, ohne aber ein Garant für diese zu sein.
 
7
Die Bedeutung von Rohstoffen für nationalen Wohlstand und militärische Exzellenz kann sich im Laufe der Zeit und im Einklang mit technologischem Fortschritt verändern: Waren im 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert Kohle und Eisen von besonderer Relevanz sowohl für die Industrialisierung (und damit den Wohlstand) eines Landes als auch für die Kampffähigkeit seines Militärs, wuchs die Bedeutung von Rohöl und Stahl im Nachgang zum ersten Weltkrieg. In der zweiten Hälfte des 20. und zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts entwickelten sich zusätzlich Erdgas aber auch Mineralien, Erze und seltene Erden zu äußerst nachgefragten, und über die Machtposition entscheidenden Rohstoffen.
 
8
Siehe dazu den Beitrag von Carlo Masala in dieser Auflage.
 
9
Die Vordenker Kindlebergers waren Mancur Olson (1965) und Paul Samuelson (1954). Später entwickelte sich auch die Schule der internationalen Regimes auf dieser Grundlage, die ihrerseits das Fundament für den neoliberalen Institutionalismus bot.
 
10
Weitere prominente Verfechter dieser Perspektive waren u. a. Friedberg 1993; Kupchan 1998; Layne 1993, 1997; Mearsheimer 1990.
 
11
Bemerkenswerte Ausnahmen sind Jervis (1976, 1978), Walt (1987) und Taliaferro (2000).
 
12
Die Ausnahme bildete hier lediglich Kenneth Waltz, der bereits im Jahr 1979 über das mögliche Ende der Bipolarität nachdachte: „… the question to ask is not whether a third or fourth country will enter the circle of great powers in the foreseeable future but rather whether the Soviet Union can keep up“ (S. 179/180).
 
13
Siehe auch: Allen und Goldmann 1992; Herman 1996; Kratochwil 1993; Lebow 1994; Lebow und Risse-Kappen 1995; Legro und Moravcsik 1999; Vasquez 1997.
 
14
Für eine Kritik der des demokratischen Friedens Theorie siehe e.g. Gowa 1999; Mansfield und Snyder 1995; Schweller und Wohlforth 2000; Waltz 2000a, b; Weeks 2008.
 
15
Für eine alternative Konzeptualisierung der einzelnen Mechanismen, siehe Checkel 2005.
 
16
Auf die Möglichkeit der „subtilen“ Erweiterung materieller Macht durch ideelle Projektion machten bereits Carr (1939), Morgenthau ([1948] 1954) und Wolfers (1962) aufmerksam.
 
17
Übersetzung der Autorin.
 
18
Zum Sozialisationsscheitern – der „rhetorischen Manipulation von internationalen Normen“ – siehe e.g. Schimmelfennig 2002, S. 18.
 
19
Dass der globale liberale Diskurs ausschließlich Frieden stiftend und Kooperation fördernd sein sollte, war sowohl im Westen als auch im Nichtwesten hochkontrovers. Siehe u. a.: Hurd 2007; Mearsheimer 2019; Morozov 2013; Owen 2002; Shi 2014; Smith 2009; Waltz 2000a, b; Zhang 2014.
 
20
Hervorhebung durch die Autorin. Zur reziproken Sozialisation siehe auch e.g. Pu 2012; Wiener 2014.
 
21
Siehe dazu auch das Konzept der Versicherheitlichung von Barry Buzan, Ole Waever und Jaap de Wilde (1998); sowie das Kapitel von Judith Renner und Eva Herschinger in dieser Auflage.
 
22
Ein verwandtes Feld ist hier die Autokratieförderung beziehungsweise die Förderung demokratischen Widerstandes in der nicht westlichen Welt. Siehe dazu e.g. Ambrosio 2008; Risse und Babayan 2015; Burnell und Schlumberger 2010; Tansey 2016; von Soest 2015; Whitehead 2015.
 
23
Zum Ende der amerikanischen (westlichen) Vorherrschaft, siehe e.g. Acharya 2014; Kupchan 2003; Lake et al. 2021; Mastaduno 2019; Stuenkel 2016; Mahbubani 2022.
 
24
Die nationale Analogie dazu sind Antonio Gramscis hegemoniale Blöcke (Gramsci 2022 [1971]; Cox 1983).
 
25
Hinzu kommt die Angst vor den materiellen Folgen von Ausgrenzung (Elias und Scotson 1965).
 
26
Für analytische Perspektiven auf die BRI und chinesische Außenpolitik, siehe e.g. Godehardt 2021; Hauff 2018, 2020; Liu 2021; Zhang 2018.
 
27
Für eine Analyse der russischen Strategie zu diesem Zweck, siehe: Adamsky 2018.
 
28
Der Begriff „post-westlich“ stammt von Oliver Stuenkel (2016).
 
29
Hervorhebung durch die Autorin.
 
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Metadata
Title
Großmachtkonkurrenz und internationale Politik
Author
Luba von Hauff
Copyright Year
2024
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-33953-1_56

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