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2024 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

1. Introduction: Timing

Authors : Nickolay Biriukov, Nataliya Triska

Published in: Sync Problems Collection

Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland

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Abstract

The chapter introduces to the basic concepts and definitions, which form the basis of timing and synchronization in telecom. In particular, the timing signal model and specifications, basic relations between frequency and phase, timescale alignment, the main metrics used for synchronization quality evaluation (TIE-based metrics), and the phase distortions (jitter/wander, noises) are considered. All these issues are further developed in the next chapters.

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next chapter Telecom Systems Timing
Footnotes
1
Timing signal [G.701; 6001].
 
2
SI, Système international d’unités; Fr. (the international system of units, Eng.).
 
3
In practice, time interval variations are constrained within specified limits.
 
4
TE(t) function x(t) mathematically is the difference between a clock generating time T(t) and a reference clock generating time Tref(t) [G.810/4.5.13].
 
5
TIE(t)—difference between the signal being measured and a reference clock. TIE is conventionally set to zero at the beginning of a total measurement period and therefore is a measure of the phase change since the measurement began [TF.686-2].
 
6
PDV is the variation of the significant instants around their ideal position [G.8260/6.1].
 
7
Reference clock is a clock of very high stability and accuracy that may be completely autonomous and whose frequency serves as a basis of comparison for the frequency of other clocks [G701, 6010].
 
8
See timing signal model (1.9).
 
9
In most cases, random noises and jitter are negligible.
 
10
Lady Windermere. …Believe me, you are better than most other men, and I sometimes think you pretend to be worse. [Oscar Wilde. Lady Windermere’s Fan: A Play about a Good Woman].
 
11
The jitter and wander network limits, applicable to synchronization interfaces specified in the ITU-T Recommendations G.823 and G.824.
 
Literature
1.
Bregni, S.: Synchronization of Digital Telecommunication Networks. Wiley, New York (2002)CrossRef
2.
Biriukov, N., Triska, N.: Time and synchronization in telecoms. In: Advances in Information and Communication Technologies. Processing and Control in Information and Communication Systems. Lecture notes in electrical engineering, vol. 560, pp. 205–223. Springer (2019). ISSN 1876-1100. ISBN 978-3-030-16770-7
3.
Sklar, B.: Digital Communications. Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edn. Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River (2001)
4.
Johnson Jr., C.R., Sethares, W.A., Klein, A.G.: Software Receiver Design. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2011)CrossRef
5.
Bellamy, J.C.: Digital Telephony, 3rd edn. Willey, New York (2000)
6.
Chanzov, S.D.: Zadachnik po osnovam telegrafii. VZEIS, Moscow (1960)
7.
Tichonov, V.I.: Statisticheskaya radiotechnika, 3rd edn. Radio i sviaz, Moscow (1982)
8.
The influence of jitter in digital transmission systems: Order № E4.92/D2/112/5. Electronic Measurement Technology. S.1.: Wandel & Goltermann, s.a.
Metadata
Title
Introduction: Timing
Authors
Nickolay Biriukov
Nataliya Triska
Copyright Year
2024
Book
Sync Problems Collection

Print ISBN: 978-3-031-55427-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-55428-5

Copyright Year: 2024

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55428-5_1