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Published in:
2023 | OriginalPaper | Chapter
Thoughts on the Role of Light Elements as Alternative Reductants in Major Ferroalloy Production
Authors : Joalet Dalene Steenkamp, Xolisa Camagu Goso
Published in: TMS 2023 152nd Annual Meeting & Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings
Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland
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Excerpt
Ferroalloys can be classified as major or bulk ferroalloys, which are produced in large quantities, and minor ferroalloys produced in smaller quantities but of high importance. The major ferroalloys are ferromanganese (FeMn), silicomanganese (SiMn), ferrochromium (FeCr), ferrosilicon (FeSi), and ferronickel (FeNi) [1, 2]. These alloys are mainly used in carbon and/or stainless steelmaking. Apart from FeNi, production of these alloys are based on endothermic, carbothermic reduction processes and electric furnace technology primarily. Therefore, the contribution of bulk ferroalloy production to CO2 emissions is significant, as illustrated in Table 1.|
Type of ferroalloy
|
CO2-emissions
(ton CO2/ton tapped alloy)
|
Slag-to-alloy ratio
(ton slag/ton tapped alloy)
|
|---|---|---|
|
Ferrosilicon 45% Si
|
2.5
|
–
|
|
Ferrosilicon 65% Si
|
3.6
|
–
|
|
Ferrosilicon 75% Si
|
4.0
|
–
|
|
Ferrosilicon 90% Si
|
4.8
|
–
|
|
Ferromanganese (7% C)
|
1.3
|
0.8
|
|
Ferromanganese (1% C)
|
1.5
|
–
|
|
Silicomanganese
|
1.4
|
1.0
|
|
Silicon metal
|
5.0
|
–
|
|
Ferrochromium
|
1.3 (1.6 with sinter plant)
|
1.1
|