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2024 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Environmental Insurance Product

verfasst von : Malwina Lemkowska

Erschienen in: Managing Environmental Risks through Insurance

Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland

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Abstract

The unclear meaning of the terms “environment” and “risk” and, as a result, the ambiguous concept of “environmental risk” makes one look for protection from this risk in many insurance products. However, not all of them bear the attributes of an environmental insurance product. This chapter proposes a definition of an environmental insurance product, with environmental underwriting as its main determinant. The basic classification of environmental insurance was indicated, and—from a historical perspective—the process of its evolution was presented.

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Fußnoten
1
Point 3.2.1 of the standard. ISO (2015) Environmental management systems – Requirements with guidance for use. ISO 14001:2015, Geneva.
 
2
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3
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4
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (1972) Report: Stockholm Declaration, A/Conf 48/14/rev.1. http://​www.​un-documents.​net/​aconf48-14r1.​pdf. (access 10.05.2023).
 
5
Larsson (2009), 156 and next; Duikers and Bischofs (2019), 11–13.
 
6
Environmental Protection Act of 1990 (c. 43).
 
7
The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. § 4321 et seq.).
 
8
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980, (42 U.S.C. § 9601 et seq.).
 
10
E.g. Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz in der Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom 17. Mai 2013 (BGBl. I S. 1274; 2021 I S. 123), das zuletzt durch Artikel 1 des Gesetzes vom 18. August 2021 (BGBl. I S. 3901) geändert worden ist; Gesetz über die Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung in der Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom 18. März 2021 (BGBl. I S. 540), das durch Artikel 14 des Gesetzes vom 10. September 2021 (BGBl. I S. 4147) geändert worden ist.
 
11
The Polish Act of 27th April 2001 The Law on Environmental Protection (unified text Dz.U. 2020 item 1219); The Environment (Protection) Act of India, act no. 29 of 1986.
 
13
International Law Commission (ILC) (2006) Draft principles on the allocation of loss in the case of transboundary harm arising out of hazardous activities. https://​legal.​un.​org/​ilc/​texts/​instruments/​english/​commentaries/​9_​10_​2006.​pdf. (access 10.05.2023).
 
14
Aven (2010), pp. 623–631; Rejda and McNamara (2017), p. 20; Renn (1998), pp. 49–71; Vaughan and Vaughan (2008), pp. 1–11.
 
15
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16
Chauvin et al. (2007), p. 171.
 
17
Altonoğlu et al. (2017), p. 437.
 
18
Kaczała (2017), p. 282.
 
19
Janmaimool and Watanabe (2014), p. 6294.
 
20
Janmaimool and Watanabe (2014), p. 6307.
 
21
Macias (2016), pp. 124–126.
 
22
Shengxiang et al. (2012), p. 224. The effects of risk materialisation which were distant in terms of time and space were assessed as lower than the current and proximate ones.
 
23
Alhakami and Slovic (1994), pp. 1085–1096.
 
24
Gregory and Mendelsohn (1993), pp. 259–264.
 
25
Janmaimool and Watanabe (2014), p. 6307.
 
26
Seeger (2006), pp. 232–244; Allen et al. (2017), pp. 422–440.
 
27
Janmaimool and Watanabe (2014), p. 6308.
 
28
Kasperson (2014), pp. 1233–1239; Renn (2014), pp. 1277–1281.
 
29
Slovic et al. (1980), p. 202.
 
30
Kaczała (2019), pp. 113–120.
 
31
Brewer et al. (2007), pp. 136–145.
 
32
Toma and Mathijs (2007), pp. 145–157.
 
33
Stankiewicz (2008), p. 32.
 
34
Bamberg and Möser (2007), pp. 14–25; Xu et al. (2017), pp. 35–50; Janmaimool and Watanabe (2014), pp. 6292–6293; Altonoğlu et al. (2017), p. 437; Rowe and Frewer (2004), p. 513.
 
35
Douglas and Wildavsky (1982), p. 20.
 
36
Dryzek (2005), p. 25.
 
37
One of the few exceptions to such “spotlight” regulations is the 1993 Lugano Convention (Convention on civil liability for damage resulting from activities dangerous to the environment (Lugano, 1993). https://​www.​ecolex.​org/​details/​treaty/​convention-on-civil-liability-for-damage-resulting-from-activities-dangerous-to-the-environment-tre-001166/​?​q=​Convention+on+ci​vil+liability+fo​r+damage+resulti​ng+from+activiti​es+dangerous+to+​the+environment%2C+. (access 10.05.2023)). The document regulated the liability for the broadly meant environmental damage without limitations regarding the type of activity, emissions or elements of the environment. The convention, however, never came into force.
 
38
Convention on liability and compensation for damage in connection with the carriage of hazardous and noxious substances by sea (London, 1996). https://​www.​ecolex.​org/​details/​treaty/​international-convention-on-liability-and-compensation-for-damage-in-connection-with-the-carriage-of-hazardous-and-noxious-substances-by-sea-1996-tre-001245/​. (access 10.05.2023).
 
39
Convention on civil liability for oil pollution damage (Brussels 1969). https://​www.​ecolex.​org/​details/​treaty/​international-convention-on-civil-liability-for-oil-pollution-damage-tre-000120/​. (access 10.05.2023).
 
40
Protocol to amend the international Convention on civil liability for oil pollution damage (London 1984). https://​www.​ecolex.​org/​details/​treaty/​protocol-to-amend-the-international-convention-on-civil-liability-for-oil-pollution-damage-tre-000839/​. (access 10.05.2023).
 
42
Khalatbari and Poorhashemi (2019), pp. 21–28.
 
43
Swiss Re (2007) Insuring environmental damage in the European Union, 9.
 
44
Dryzek (2005), pp. 8–9.
 
45
Fisher et al. (2013), pp. 22–23.
 
46
E.g., installation of taller chimneys that carried pollution emissions high enough into the atmosphere so as not to infringe the property interests of particular third parties in an identifiable way. They did, however, in the long term, cause depletion of the ozone layer (Fisher et al. (2013), p. 618), cleansing the Alaskan coast beaches following the Exxon Valdez tanker oil spill by means of hot water under pressure, which turned out to be deadly for many marine fauna species which had survived the oil spill itself (Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council (1999) Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Plan, Update on Injured Resources and Services. https://​www.​arlis.​org/​docs/​vol1/​41089450.​pdf. (access 10.05.2023)).
 
47
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 (42 U.S.C. § 6901 et seq.)
 
48
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980, (42 U.S.C. § 9601 et seq.).
 
49
Environmental Protection Act of 1990 (c. 43).
 
50
Cf. the case of Native Village Kivalina v. ExxonMobil Corp. (Johnson (2013), 557–563) or the case of Peruvian farmer, Saul Luciano Lliuya v. RWE AG (Peruvian farmer sues German Energy giant for contributing to climate change (2017). In: The Guardian. www.​theguardian.​com. (access 10.05.2023)).
 
51
Seidler et al. (1993), p. 33.
 
52
Rakoczy (2008), p. 14.
 
54
It refers, among other things, to the pure economic loss.
 
55
Broadly understood as the process of assessment, selection and classification of risk.
 
56
Pollock (2012), p. 199 and next.
 
57
Insurance Information Institute. Environmental liability insurance. The role of private insurance in industrial accidents. https://​www.​iii.​org/​article/​environmental-liability-insurance. (access 10.05.2023).
 
58
According to sources, the first autonomous environmental insurance in the USA was offered in 1977 Dybdahl (2017), p. 3.
 
59
Hester and Harrison (2001), p. 146.
 
60
Cf., i.a., the case of North River Insurance Company, which insured the partnership RSR Corporation against environmental risks in 1981. Soon after the insurance contracts were signed, the insurer faced massive claims against RSR filed by private individuals (infringement of property and personal interests) as well as by government agencies (Wagner 2013).
 
61
Hester and Harrison (2001), p. 146.
 
62
Hannah (2000).
 
63
Wagner (2013), p. 2.
 
64
Wagner (2013), p. 2.
 
65
Dybdahl (2016).
 
66
Wagner (2013), p. 3.
 
67
Wagner (2013), p. 10.
 
68
Arthur J. Gallagher & Co (2017) Environmental Risk and Insurance Discussion for Schools, School District and School Pools, 4. https://​financedocbox.​com/​Insurance/​75776704-Gallagher-environmental-practice-environmental-risk-and-insurance-discussion-for-schools-school-districts-and-school-pools.​html. (access 10.05.2023).
 
69
Aon (2011) Commercial Risk Europe Technical Briefing: Insuring pollution and environmental damage, 7. http://​www.​aon.​com/​risk-services/​environmental-articles/​article_​cre-env-ins-briefing.​jsp.​ Accessed 6 Sept 2019. Some of the sources report that the first specialised environmental insurance was offered by Lloyd’s of London in 1979 (UNEP Finance Initiatives (2003) Risk, The Environment and The Role of The Insurance Industry, 16. https://​www.​unepfi.​org/​fileadmin/​documents/​risk_​environment_​insurance_​epavic_​2003.​pdf. (access 10.05.2023).
 
70
Sanders et al. (1993), p. 585.
 
71
Sanders et al. (1993), p. 587.
 
72
Fanagan et al. (2012/2013).
 
73
Insurance covering different sorts of construction projects constituted a very wide product range offered by insurance companies. The main factor that differentiated the products was the insurance beneficiary – be it project teams, engineers, contractors or possibly the project owners themselves. Various forms of insurance cover for this kind of activity frequently included the cover for environmental risk (Polini 2008).
 
74
The necessity to conclude a contractor’s liability insurance contract with a specified minimum guaranteed amount was indicated as a condition for the insurance cover.
 
75
Hannah (2000).
 
76
Wiedenlübbert (2001), pp. 153–154.
 
77
Umwelthaftungsgesetz vom 10. Dezember 1990 (BGBl. I S. 2634), das zuletzt durch Artikel 6 des Gesetzes vom 17. Juli 2017 (BGBl. I S. 2421) geändert worden ist.
 
78
Umweltschadensgesetz (2007) in der Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom 5. März 2021 (BGBl. I S. 346).
 
79
Der Schutz der Umwelt und die betriebliche Haftpflicht, Schwerpunkt: Industrie- und Gewerbeversicherung (2011). Versicherungswirtchaft 17, 1212.
 
80
Der Schutz der Umwelt und die betriebliche Haftpflicht, Schwerpunkt: Industrie- und Gewerbeversicherung (2011). Versicherungswirtchaft 17, 1212.
 
82
Der Schutz der Umwelt und die betriebliche Haftpflicht, Schwerpunkt: Industrie- und Gewerbeversicherung (2011). Versicherungswirtchaft 17, 1214.
 
83
Der Schutz der Umwelt und die betriebliche Haftpflicht, Schwerpunkt: Industrie- und Gewerbeversicherung (2011). Versicherungswirtchaft 17, 1212, 1214.
 
84
Maśniak (2003), p. 146.
 
85
Dybdahl (2016).
 
86
Dybdahl (2016).
 
87
Dybdahl (2016).
 
88
The interest of insurance brokers in the area of environmental insurance was often limited. The low demand for environmental risk protection did not encourage brokers to develop their competencies in the field of environmental insurance. A certain kind of motivation for them could be to highlight the responsibility of independent brokers for not taking into account environmental insurance products in the developed risk management systems and the resulting insurance programmes. The exposure of insurance brokers to this type of liability risk, albeit high, has not yet found expression in the claims of victims even on the American market. Therefore, it is difficult to expect its significance in the much less developed environmental insurance markets in the near future (Dybdahl 2016).
 
89
Including increased enforcement activity of legal acts, i.e. execution of environmental liability to the full extent specified in legal regulations.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Environmental Insurance Product
verfasst von
Malwina Lemkowska
Copyright-Jahr
2024
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47602-0_8

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