nach oben

Fire Technology

Erschienen in:

11.08.2023

Evaluation of the Maximum Cognitive Distance Per Emergency Exit Sign Colour in a Smoke-Filled Environment Simulated Using a Translucent Eye Patch

verfasst von: Ryun-Seok Oh, Young-Chan Kim, Young-Hoon Bae, Jun-Ho Choi

Erschienen in: Fire Technology | Ausgabe 6/2023

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Exit signs are intended to help occupants promptly and accurately select evacuation paths during emergencies. However, according to previous studies and accident cases, exit signs are not helpful for occupants during emergency situations, which can be attributed to limited visibility due to the smoke generated during fires. Further, most exit sign installation standards do not consider exit sign visibility in smoke-filled environments. Thus, exit sign visibility can be considered to be low during actual fires. To overcome this issue, a means of improving visibility was investigated in this study by changing the exit sign color. A full-scale experiment was conducted to analyse the maximum cognitive distance (The maximum cognitive distance is defined as the greatest distance at which an observer can clearly identify the content of an exit sign) according to the exit sign safety colour in which a smoke-filled environment was simulated using a translucent eye patch. The smoke-filled environment was divided into nine levels of obstructed visibility according to the visibility distance when a translucent eye patch was worn. The maximum cognitive distance was measured for exit signs in seven safety colours (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, navy, and purple). The results showed that the mean maximum cognitive distances of the navy, purple, blue, and red exit signs were greater than that of the green exit sign, which is widely used currently. The navy, purple, blue, and red exit signs had mean maximum cognitive distances approximately 1.29 times, 1.23 times, 1.22 times, and 1.21 times longer than that of the green exit sign, respectively. The differences in the mean maximum cognitive distance were found to be statistically significant at a level of 0.05. This study’s analysis showed that these four colours had a greater contrast effect on the background colour (white) than green. Hence, the contrast difference between the safety colour and the background colour is considered the main parameter affecting cognitive performance for the exit sign lighting.

Vorheriger Artikel A Survey of Fire Loads on Private Residential Balconies in England

Nächster Artikel Burning Rate of Wood Cribs with Controlled Airflow

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Benthorn L, Frantzich H (1999) Fire alarm in a public building: How do people evaluate information and choose an evacuation exit? Fire Mater 23(6):311–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1018(199911/12)23:6%3c311::AID-FAM704%3e3.0.CO;2-JCrossRef

Galea ER, Xie H, Deere S, Cooney D, Filippidis L (2017) Evaluating the effectiveness of an improved active dynamic signage system using full scale evacuation trials. Fire Saf J 91:908–917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.022CrossRef

Moodie K (1992) The King’s Cross fire: Damage assessment and overview of the technical investigation. Fire Saf J 18(1):13–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(92)90045-ECrossRef

Klein R (1996) Düsseldorf Airport fire. Fire Eng. J 18–23

Gutman D, Biffl WL, Suner S, Cioffi WG (2003) The station nightclub fire and disaster preparedness in rhode Island. R I Med J 86(11):344–346

Kim T, Jeon G, Park K, Hong W (2003) The research and analysis of fire at the daegu subway (1)-the timetable and system for settlement resulted from fire of subway in daegu city. In: Proceedings of 2003 Autumn Annual Conference, Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design, vol 23(2):877–880

Fennell D (1988) Investigation into the king’s cross underground fire. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office Publication Centre, London

Weinspach PM, Gundlach J, Klingelhofer H, Ries R, Schneider U (1997) Analysis of the fire On april 11th, 1996; recommendations and consequences for düsseldorf rhein-ruhr-airport. Staatskanzlei Nordrhein-Wstfalen, Mannesmannufer, Düsseldorf

Grosshandler W, Bryner N, Madrzykowski D, Kuntz K (2005) Report of the technical investigation of the station nightclub fire. NIST NCSTAR, Gaitherburg

10.

Hong W, Jeon G (2005) A study on safe egress countermeasure in underground space through the analyzing survivors exit patterns of daegu city subway. JAIK 21(1):235–248

11.

Kinateder M, Warren WH, Schloss KB (2019) What color are emergency exit signs? egress behavior differs from verbal report. Appl Ergon 75:155–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2018.08.010CrossRef

12.

Bertin J (1983) Semiology of graphics: diagrams, networks, maps. Esri Press Books, Berlin

13.

Ware C (2019) Information visualization: perception for design. Morgan Kaufmann, Cambridge

14.

Lafer-Sousa R, Conway BR, Kanwisher NG (2016) Color-biased regions of the ventral visual pathway lie between face-and place-selective regions in humans, as in macaques. J Neurosci 36(5):1682–1697. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3164-15.2016CrossRef

15.

Thorstenson CA, Elliot AJ, Pazda AD, Perrett DL, Xiao D (2017) Emotion-color associations in the context of the face. Emotion 18(7):1032–1042. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000358CrossRef

16.

Bowers J (1999) Introduction to two-dimensional design: understanding form and function. Wiley, New York

17.

Birren F (2016) Color psychology and color therapy: a factual study of the influence of color on human life. Pickle Partners Publishing, New York

18.

The British Standards Institution (20000) BS 5499-4: Safety signs, including fire safety signs-Part 4: Code of practice for escape route signing

19.

The British Standards Institution (2002) BS 5499–1: Graphical symbols and signs-Safety signs, including fire safety signs-Part 1: Specification for geometric shapes, colours and layout.

20.

International Organization for Standardization (2011) ISO 3864-1: Graphical symbols-Safety colours and safety signs-Part 1: Design principles for safety signs and safety markings

21.

National Fire Protection Association (2021) NFPA 101: life safety code handbook, 15th edn. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy

22.

Korea National Fire Agency (2020) NFSC 303: fire safety standard on safety signs. National Fire Agency, Seoul

23.

International Organization for Standardization (2019) ISO 7010: graphical symbols-Safety colours and safety signs-Registered safety signs

24.

Choudhury AKR (2014) Principles of colour and appearance measurement: object appearance, colour perception and instrumental measurement. Elsevier, London

25.

National Standard of the People’s republic of China (2015) GB 13495.1: Fire safety signs-Part 1: signs

26.

United Arab Emirates Ministry of Interior (2018) UAE Fire & Life Safety Code of Practice

27.

Nilsson D, Frantzich H, Saunders WL (2005) Coloured flashing lights to mark emergency exits—experiences from evacuation experiments. Fire Saf Sci 8:569–579CrossRef

28.

Wong LT, Lo KC (2007) Experimental study on visibility of exit signs in buildings. Build Environ 42(4):1836–1842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.02.011CrossRef

29.

Olander J, Ronchi E, Lovreglio R, Nilsson D (2017) Dissuasive exit signage for building fire evacuation. Appl Ergon 59:84–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2016.08.029CrossRef

30.

Cao S, Fu L, Wang P, Zeng G, Song W (2018) Experimental and modeling study on evacuation under good and limited visibility in a supermarket. Fire Saf J 102:27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2018.10.003CrossRef

31.

Chen J, Wang J, Wang B, Liu R, Wang Q (2018) An experimental study of visibility effect on evacuation speed on stairs. Fire Saf J 96:189–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.11.010CrossRef

32.

Geng Z, Li X, Kuang H, Bai X, Fan Y (2019) Effect of uncertain information on pedestrian dynamics under adverse sight conditions. Physica A 521:681–691. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYSA.2019.01.122CrossRef

33.

Liu R, Fu Z, Schadschneider A, Wen Q, Chen J, Liu S (2019) Modeling the effect of visibility on upstairs crowd evacuation by a stochastic FFCA model with finer discretization. Physica A 531:121723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.121723CrossRef

34.

Ronchi E, Fridolf K, Frantzich H, Nilsson D, Walter AL, Modig H (2018) A tunnel evacuation experiment on movement speed and exit choice in smoke. Fire Saf J 97:126–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.06.002CrossRef

35.

Seike M, Lu YC, Kawabata N, Hasegawa M (2021) Emergency evacuation speed distributions in smoke-filled tunnels. Tunnel Undergr Space Technol 112:3934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.103934CrossRef

36.

Wang P, Cao S (2019) Simulation of pedestrian evacuation strategies under limited visibility. Phys Lett A 389(9):825–832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2018.12.017CrossRef

37.

Xie W, Lee EWM, Cheng Y, Shi M, Cao R, Zhang Y (2020) Evacuation performance of individuals and social groups under different visibility conditions: experiments and surveys. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 47:101527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101527CrossRef

38.

Xue S, Shi X, Jiang R, Feliciani C, Liu Y, Shiwakoti N, Li D (2021) Incentive-based experiments to characterize pedestrians’ evacuation behaviors under limited visibility. Saf Sci 133:105013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.105013CrossRef

39.

Fridolf K, Ronchi E, Nilsson D, Frantzich H (2013) Movement speed and exit choice in smoke-filled rail tunnels. Fire Saf J 59:8–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2013.03.007CrossRef

40.

Tuomisaari M (1997) Visibility of exit signs and low-location lighting in smoky conditions. VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland

41.

Yamada T, Kubota K, Abe N, Lida A (2004) Visibility of emergency exit signs and emergency lights through smoke. Fire Saf Sci 6:560–569

42.

Clark FR, Rea MS, Ouellette MJ (1985) Visibility of exit signs through smoke. National Research Council Canada, Division of Building Research. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44060639

43.

Wright MS, Cook GK, Webber GMB (2001) Visibility of four exit signs and two exit door markings in smoke as gauged by twenty people. In: Second International Symposium on Human Behaviour in Fire, pp 147–157.

44.

Zhang Q (2010) Image based analysis of visibility in smoke laden environments. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Hull

45.

Jin T, Yamada T (1994) Experimental study on effect of escape guidance in fire smoke by travelling flashing of light sources. Fire Saf Sci 4:705–714. https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.4-705CrossRef

46.

Jin T (1997) Studies on human behavior and tenability in fire smoke. Fire Saf Sci 5:3–21. https://doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.5-3CrossRef

47.

Gwak Y, Ryoo S (2010) Representation of light spectrum using n-color dispersion photon mapping. J Korea Comput Graph Soc 16(2):39–45CrossRef

48.

Malacara D (2011) Color vision and colorimetry: theory and applications. SPIE Press, BellinghamCrossRef

49.

Jeon G, Kim J, Hong W, Augenbroe G (2011) Evacuation performance of individuals in different visibility conditions. Build Environ 46(5):1094–1103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.11.010CrossRef

50.

Jeon G, Na W, Hong W, Lee J (2019) Influence of design and installation of emergency exit signs on evacuation speed. J Asian Archit Build Eng 18(2):104–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2019.1599897CrossRef

51.

52.

Xie W, Zhang YC, Cheng YY, Chen SM, Liang XW, Zhang WB (2018) Experimental study on movement speed and route choice of individuals and small groups under different visibility conditions. Procedia Eng 211:830–836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.12.081CrossRef

53.

Mäntele W, Deniz E (2017) UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy: Lambert-Beer reloaded. Spectroc Acta Part A 173(15):965–968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2016.09.037CrossRef

54.

Jin T (2002) Visibility and human behavior in fire smoke. In: DiNenno P (ed) The SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering, 3rd edn. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy

55.

Jin T, Yamada T (1985) Irritating effects of fire smoke on visibility. Fire Sci Technol 5:79–90. https://doi.org/10.3210/fst.5.79CrossRef

56.

Fahy RF, Proulx G (1995) Collective common sense: a study of human behavior during the world trade center evacuation. NFPA J 89:59–67

57.

Korean Industrial Stnadards (2019) KS C 7613: methods of luminance measurements in lighting fileds

58.

Korean Industrial Stnadards (2022) KS C 7612: Illuminance measurements for lighting installations.

59.

Burmedi D, Becker S, Heyl V, Wahl HW, Himmelsbach I (2002) Behavioral consequences of age-related low vision. Vis Impair Res 4(1):15–45. https://doi.org/10.1076/vimr.4.1.15.15633CrossRef

60.

Hahn C (1964) The Korean near vision chart. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 5(2):7–10

61.

Korea National Health Insurance Service (2019) Health Examination Statistics-Statistical Information Report

62.

Lotto RB, Purves D (2000) An empirical explanation of color contrast. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97(23):12834–12839. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.210369597CrossRef

63.

Samanta D, Sanyal G (2012) A novel approach of SAR image processing based on Hue, Saturation and Brightness (HSB). Procedia Tech 4:584–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2012.05.093CrossRef

64.

Oh R (2016) A evaluation on perceptive effects of hue of exit sign classified by smoke density and maximum visible distance, Master’s dissertation, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea.

Titel: Evaluation of the Maximum Cognitive Distance Per Emergency Exit Sign Colour in a Smoke-Filled Environment Simulated Using a Translucent Eye Patch
verfasst von: Ryun-Seok Oh
Young-Chan Kim
Young-Hoon Bae
Jun-Ho Choi
Publikationsdatum: 11.08.2023
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Fire Technology / Ausgabe 6/2023
Print ISSN: 0015-2684
Elektronische ISSN: 1572-8099
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-023-01474-9

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2023

Influence of Particle Size on the Flammability and Explosibility of Biomass Dusts: Is a New Approach Needed?

Extension of the Explosion Vent Analyzer (EVA): A Computational Model Predicting Explosion Parameters of Fuel Blends

Evaluation of Empirical Evidence Against Zone Models for Smoke Detector Activation Prediction

Obstructions and Early Suppression Fast Response Sprinklers

Experimental and Theoretical Study on Catenary Mechanism of Steel Frame Beam Subject to Fire

Prescriptive Building Regulations, Safety Objectives, and Residual Risk in Germany