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2023 | Buch

Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Geoinformatics in Theory and Practice

An Integrated Approach to Geoinformation Systems, Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing

verfasst von: Norbert de Lange

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Buchreihe : Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

This textbook is intended to display a broad, methodological introduction to geoinformatics and geoinformation science. It deals with the recording, modeling, processing and analysis as well as presenting and distributing of geodata. As an integrated approach it is dedicated to the multidisciplinary application of methods and concepts of computer science to solve spatial tasks. First the reader receives an introduction to the approach and tasks of geoinformatics, basic concepts and general principles of information processing as well as essentials of computer science. Then this textbook focuses on the following topics: spatial reference systems, digital spatial data, interoperability of spatial data, visualization of spatial information, data organization and database systems, geoinformation systems, remote sensing and digital image processing.

The result is a comprehensive manual for studies and practical applications in geoinformatics. It serves also as a basis to support and deepen methodological courses in geography, geology, geodesy and surveying as well as all environmental sciences. In this first English edition, the author has updated and significantly expanded the fourth German edition. New additions include the development of apps, graphical presentation on the web, geodata-bases and recent methods of classification.

This book is based on the original German 4th edition Geoinformatik in Theorie und Praxis by Norbert de Lange, published by Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature in 2020 and still presents the only integrated perspective on geoinformatics and geoinformation science. This book was translated with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com) first and then significantly revised with regard to technical terms and special topics of geoinformatics.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
1. Introduction
Abstract
Geoinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that bridges the gap between computer science, geographic information technologies and geosciences or other spatial sciences (Fig. 1.1):
Norbert de Lange
2. Information Processing: Basic Concepts
Abstract
In computer science, “information” is of central importance. Likewise, in computer science, the terms message, signal, sign and date are associated with clearly defined contents that do not coincide with every day notions:The messages listed in Fig. 2.1, which are composed of a structured sequence of signals, i.e. in this case changes in brightness on a white paper, initially are meaningless for the reader and receiver. It is only through the processing of this message by the receiver, which may include decoding, calculation and interpretation, that the message acquires meaning and becomes information for the receiver.
Norbert de Lange
3. Basic Concepts of Computer Science
Abstract
A computer is a universally usable automatic machine (automaton) which is controlled by a program (cf. Sect. 2.​2). The entirety of all programs, which can be used by a computer, is called software (cf. Sect. 2.​7). It should be emphasised that both the system and the application software are created with the help of programming languages, i.e. by “programming”. These (artificial) languages play a central role in communication between humans and machine, i.e. between user and computer system. In principle, the programming of a computer can take place at different levels (cf. Fig. 3.1):
Norbert de Lange
4. Geoobjects and Reference Systems
Abstract
The spatial reference of information is a characteristic feature of geosciences and also of geoinformatics. The coupling of information to spatial reference units, spatial elements or objects with a spatial reference is typical of geoscientific issues. Spatial reference units, spatial objects or (more simply) geoobjects appear as:
points
e.g. boundary stone, counting or measuring point, source location of an emitter
lines
e.g. profile line, boundary line, row of trees, water pipe, connecting line
areas
e.g. parcel, biotope, municipal area, catchment area
3D solid
e.g. pollutant cloud, groundwater body, deposit, building
Norbert de Lange
5. Digital Geodata: Data Mining, Official Basic Geodata and VGI
Abstract
Geoobjects are characterised by geometric, topological, thematic and temporal information. Together, these data form the geodata of a geoobject (for the definition of geoobjects cf. Sect. 4.​1). A distinction is made between primary data, which are based on surveys or measurements and have not yet been (significantly) processed by users, and secondary data, which represent data derived from the primary data and processed. In addition, there are metadata, which can contain descriptive information on, among other things, the measurement or survey method, the reason for collection or the data quality (cf. Sect. 6.​5). The collection of geometric data is to be systematised into:
Norbert de Lange
6. Standards and Interoperability of Geodata
Abstract
The simple basic idea is to use geodata that have already been collected and are therefore available for new, further questions and then not to collect them again. The focus is on increasing efficiency, since multiple use is almost always more economical. Regardless of any fees for multiple use, new acquisition is usually associated with higher costs. Multiple use avoids data redundancy, which also reduces the risk of data inconsistency.
Norbert de Lange
7. Spatial Information: Visualisation
Abstract
Graphic information processing refers to all graphic, i.e. non-alphanumeric, representations of information using a computer and special graphics-capable input and output devices. The term graphic presentation of information characterises very comprehensively both the acquisition and the presentation. In particular, it includes digital, graphics-oriented information technologies and forms of communication such as 2D and 3D computer graphics, computer animation, multimedia techniques and augmented reality as well as virtual reality.
Norbert de Lange
8. Data Organisation and Database Systems
Abstract
The storage, management and processing of extensive data are of great significance for all areas of application and therefore also for geoinformatics. The increased demand in processing data, which concern e.g. interactive access, multiple access, user-friendliness, data security or data protection, go far beyond the performance of file systems (cf. Sects. 3.​2.​5 and 8.1.2). These requirements have led to the development of complex database systems. Such systems are of great importance in geoinformatics. On the one hand, they are used to manage thematic data, i.e. the attributes of geoobjects, within geoinformation system (for the definition of geoobjects cf. Sect. 4.​1). On the other hand, as so-called spatial databases, they themselves can take over many tasks of geoinformation systems. In German, these spatial databases are very aptly called “Geodatenbanken”, but the English translation “geodatabase” contradicts a proprietary data structure of ArcGIS, a commercial geoinformation system, and is therefore not used here (cf. Sects. 8.7 and 9.​3.​3). Spatial databases can manage and process not only thematic data, but also geometric data and, in addition, provide many functions for the spatial analysis of geoobjects, such as spatial overlays. These spatial databases could therefore also be assigned to the software group of geoinformation systems to a certain extent. However, they are presented in more detail here in the context of databases, since they are based on database concepts that have been considerably extended.
Norbert de Lange
9. Geoinformation Systems
Abstract
An information system can generally be described as a system that accesses a data pool and enables evaluation of these data in order to derive and reproduce information from them. In this first definition, the entirety of data and processing of data is already expressed, but data storage and, above all, data recording are not yet discussed or included in more detail. Thus, pure information systems, which only allow (possibly complex) processing of already existing data, are not counted among the information systems here, which must also permit data recording, i.e. new recording and update. Thus, an information system includes recording, storage, updating, processing and evaluation of information as well as its reproduction.
Norbert de Lange
10. Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing
Abstract
Obtaining information with the help of remote sensing systems deployed on aircraft, on satellites and increasingly also on drones (UAVs, unmanned aerial vehicles) has gained considerable importance in recent years. While initially the focus was clearly on military applications, especially espionage activities, the potential of these systems for scientific and commercial observation of processes on the earth’s surface and in the atmosphere was soon recognised (on the development of remote sensing cf. Heipke 2017a pp. 8). The areas of application where remote sensing is already used as a standard procedure include above all weather observation and the broad field of environmental monitoring. Today, a worldwide distribution network ensures that data from various sensors can be obtained almost without any problems. Their evaluation is increasingly being carried out in connection with other digital geodata within hybrid geoinformation systems.
Norbert de Lange
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Geoinformatics in Theory and Practice
verfasst von
Norbert de Lange
Copyright-Jahr
2023
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN
978-3-662-65758-4
Print ISBN
978-3-662-65757-7
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65758-4

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