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2024 | Buch

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Introduction to Digital Navigation

Including Fundamentals of Navigation

verfasst von: Alexander Arnfinn Olsen

Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland

Buchreihe : Springer Series on Naval Architecture, Marine Engineering, Shipbuilding and Shipping

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

This book focuses on Coastal and Ocean Navigation with an emphasis on digital navigation (using ECDIS) and would be useful to both experienced seafarers as an aide memoire, and also to cadets and trainees embarking on their maritime careers.

The text has been developed for modern day ship’s navigator in the ‘digital era’. It is written from the perspective that the reader’s vessel will be navigated using an IMO type-approved electronic chart and display information system (ECDIS) as opposed to traditional chart-based passage planning. As such, the book focuses on the main principles associated with position and direction of the earth's surface, geodesy projects and grids, digital navigation, electronic chart and data information systems, fixing, internal aids to navigation and systems, external aids to navigation, tides and currents, ocean navigation, coastal navigation, pilotage and blind pilotage, anchoring, navigational errors, relative velocity, and bridge organisation and management.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Principles of Navigation

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Introduction to Maritime Navigation

Abstract

This book, Introduction to digital navigation, has been written for the use of officers and ratings who have a requirement to understand the problem of navigation at sea. The navigator, whether of a 10 ft dinghy or a 150,000 tonne oil tanker, has a problem which is simple to define but difficult to solve. The navigator must first determine their position, on a surface which is always in motion and is otherwise featureless. They must then determine the position to which they intend to navigate and plot a course between these two positions. They must be able to do so whilst avoiding the myriad dangers which, by their very nature, are often hidden from the eye. Finally, they must achieve this feat in a machine, in many cases, will be large, valuable, and (compared to say a car, an aircraft or even walking), slow to alter course or speed.

Alexander Arnfinn Olsen

Chapter 2. Position and Direction of the Earth’s Surface

Abstract

The notions of position and direction (‘where am I and where am I going?’) is fundamental to the concept of all navigation. Being able to determine position and direction allows us to determine where we are, and where other things are. Position and direction can be in both absolute and relative terms, both of which are important in their own rights. This chapter introduces the several ways that position and direction on the Earth’s surface are determined and expressed, including the basics of the main types of compass likely to be encountered at sea.

Alexander Arnfinn Olsen

Chapter 3. Geodesy

Abstract

In Chap. 2, we were introduced to the concept of reference frames, and the primary terrestrial reference frame used for navigation, namely latitude and longitude. The shape of the Earth was also discussed. This chapter takes the discussion further, by introducing the concept of geodesy, and how the science of geodesy materially affects the way that mariners navigate at sea.

Alexander Arnfinn Olsen

Chapter 4. Projections and Grids

Abstract

Having discussed the concept of geodesy in Chap. 3, it is necessary to discuss the next step which includes ‘projections’ and ‘grids’. The spheroidal Earth model, for example, is mathematically perfectly suited to navigational calculations, but to physically display a portion of the Earth’s surface a projection is required. This chapter describes the conceptual underpinnings of projections in general, before introducing the projections most likely to be encountered at sea.

Alexander Arnfinn Olsen

Chapter 5. Digital Navigation

Abstract

This chapter introduces the concept of digital navigation, which for many will be synonymous with ‘ECDIS’ but in fact encompasses much more than just the use of ECDIS. This chapter discusses the basic conceptual and technical building blocks of modern digital navigation systems, before discussing the many interlocking layers of policy which govern digital navigation onboard contemporary oceangoing vessels. Throughout this book, any references to ECDIS will relate to the systems in use across the merchant fleet, unless specifically stated or when referring to purely naval functions and uses.

Alexander Arnfinn Olsen

Chapter 6. Electronic Chart and Data Information Systems

Abstract

Chapter 5 introduced the concept of digital navigation in general terms. This chapter introduces in more detail the specific system in use across the majority of ECDIS. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the specific system in use in general terms to place the rest of the book, so that the reader may understand how the techniques and ideas developed in this book may be applied at sea.

Alexander Arnfinn Olsen

Chapter 7. Fixing

Abstract

Fixing is the term used for the act of determining the ship’s position at a fixed moment in time. Fixing is always retrospective, i.e., it tells you where the ship was now the fix was taken. Strictly, this is true even for fixing by continuous GPS feed, but the latency is so limited that GPS can be taken to be a real or near real time position. For other fixing methods, the latency may be only a few seconds up to a few minutes or even more.

Alexander Arnfinn Olsen

Chapter 8. Internal Aids to Navigation and Systems

Abstract

This chapter introduces the navigation aids and systems which the navigator can expect to find on board their ship or submarine; they are hence referred to as the ‘internal’ navaids to distinguish them from the aids to navigation found external to the ship such as buoys, lighthouse, and beacons. This chapter describes the basic theory underpinning the operation the major systems which the navigator can expect to encounter.

Alexander Arnfinn Olsen

Chapter 9. External Aids to Navigation

Abstract

The previous chapter discussed the various internal navigation aids which may be available to the OOW on a typical ship’s bridge. This chapter discuss the numerous ‘external’ aids to navigation (increasingly referred to as AToNs) such as lighthouses, buoys and virtual constructs which exist solely on AIS. Sailors have relied upon such external references to their ship to keep clear of dangers and navigate to their destination for as long as people have been going down to the sea in ships, and notwithstanding the advent of GPS and ECDIS, understanding the various marks remains a key skill for the navigator.

Alexander Arnfinn Olsen

Chapter 10. Tides and Currents

Abstract

One of the fundamental forces that all marine navigators must consider is the action of tides, currents and tidal streams upon their craft. This chapter introduces the basic theory and practice behind the mechanisms which creates tides, currents, and tidal streams. It also discusses the various methods available for making predictions about the same. See also NP 120, The Admiralty Manual of Tides.

Alexander Arnfinn Olsen

Chapter 11. Ocean Navigation

Abstract

This Chapter covers ocean navigation, which is defined as navigation out of sight of land. As it is impossible to reach the open ocean without departing from somewhere, there is a considerable degree of overlap with coastal navigation and even pilotage. The boundaries between ‘ocean navigation’ and coastal navigation are somewhat arbitrary and must ultimately be determined by the navigating officer/OOW considering all the prevailing circumstances and conditions. Additional sources of information. There are a great many sources of information which should be consulted before attempting an ocean passage. Many are discussed below, but the navigator should also consult Part 3 for details of wave formation and ship handling in heavy weather before attempting an ocean transit, especially if the weather forecast is poor or the area is known to be prone to poor weather (such as the Southern Ocean).

Alexander Arnfinn Olsen

Chapter 12. Coastal Navigation

Abstract

This Chapter discusses coastal navigation, which is navigation within sight of land but not in such proximity to dangers that pilotage techniques are required. Coastal navigation can be some of the most complex and challenging for the mariner, as whilst the ship will not be so close to danger as during pilotage, the ship will usually be in a lower state of readiness, and yet the coastal environment is potentially extremely busy with other shipping, fishing vessels, yachts, and hazards. Coastal navigation therefore requires considerable care and attention both during the planning and execution of the passage.

Alexander Arnfinn Olsen

Chapter 13. Pilotage and Blind Pilotage

Abstract

This Chapter covers pilotage, and ‘blind pilotage’ techniques for use when traditional blind pilotage is not possible due to the prevailing circumstances and conditions. It should be read in conjunction with Chaps. 11 and 12 on ocean and coastal navigation, as almost inevitably any ocean or coastal passage will be preceded or followed by pilotage.

Alexander Arnfinn Olsen

Chapter 14. Anchoring

Abstract

This chapter covers the use of the ship’s anchor(s) to anchor at sea and as an aid to manoeuvring and berthing. A successful anchorage requires both good navigation and sound seamanship skills, and readers should familiarise themselves with the Admiralty Manual of Seamanship, or similar, which covers the seamanship aspects of anchoring. It will be assumed throughout this chapter that readers are familiar with professional seamanship terminology for anchoring and seamanship evolutions. Anchoring techniques make use of a number of different circles and radii, which equate to specific functions in ECDIS but by different names. Different ECDIS software and commercial platforms may use different terminology and the navigators MUST ensure that they understand precisely how the ECDIS in their ship operators. Use of the anchor in an emergency is also covered.

Alexander Arnfinn Olsen

Chapter 15. Navigational Errors

Abstract

This chapter introduces a summary of navigational errors and explains how they may be recognised and managed; the mathematics of ‘one-dimensional’ and ‘two-dimensional’ errors are in Annexes 1 and 2.

Alexander Arnfinn Olsen

Chapter 16. Relative Velocity

Abstract

This chapter introduces the concepts of relative velocity (‘RelVel’) calculations. The procedures for manual relative velocity calculations on a radar display are in Sect. 2 of this chapter.

Alexander Arnfinn Olsen

Chapter 17. Bridge Organisation and Management

Abstract

This chapter provides a summary of ways in which the bridge can be organised and managed to enable safe and operationally effective navigation of the ship.

Alexander Arnfinn Olsen

Titel: Introduction to Digital Navigation
verfasst von: Alexander Arnfinn Olsen
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-47490-3
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-47489-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47490-3

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