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2024 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. Introduction

verfasst von : Rick Ubic

Erschienen in: Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Our knowledge of crystalline materials has evolved from the time of the Ancient Greek philosophers through that of the medieval alchemists and natural philosophers of the Enlightenment and finally to the scientists of modern times. This chapter provides a brief and humanized introduction to the history, language, and tools of crystallography. Brief biographies are included here on some of the leading historical figures in the field, including Évariste Galois, Auguste Bravais, and Max von Laue.

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Nächstes Kapitel Crystals

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This was Pliny’s last work and the only one to have survived. He began it in 77 AD and had not yet made a final revision by the time of his death during the eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79 that buried Pompeii and Herculaneum. He died on 25 August 79 AD during the second day of the eruption.

Lyngurium was a mythical gemstone believed to be formed from the solidified urine of the lynx (the best examples coming from wild males). In fact, Theophrastus was probably describing tourmaline.

According to the European legal definition, glass must contain at least 24% PbO to be called “full lead crystal.” Glasses with less PbO are called “lead glass.”

Isomorphs are materials with different compositions but which have the same crystal structure. Mitscherlich‘s law of isomorphism is an approximate law suggesting that crystals composed of the same number of similar elements tend to have identical structures.

Polymorphs are compounds with identical compositions but which have different crystal structures. More specifically, allotropes are polymorphs of an elemental substance (e.g., carbon in the forms of graphite and diamond).

Chiral groups contain symmetries which result in handed structures (i.e., either right-handed or left-handed). The word is derived from the Greek χέρια, meaning “handedness.” Sohncke actually listed 66 groups, but Fedorov and Schönflies both noticed that two of them were identical.

The quote “x-rays will prove to be a hoax” is often, somewhat unfairly, attributed to him, although there is no primary source. Similarly, “radio has no future” is also often, almost certainly incorrectly, attributed to him; although he did go on the record in1902 saying that “no aeroplane will ever be practically successful.” In addition, Kelvin predicted in 1898 that the world had only a 400-year supply of oxygen left due to the imbalance between photosynthesis and the rate of burning fossil fuels. As it happens, his calculations neglected photolysis and the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus, which accounts for more than half of marine photosynthesis and was not discovered until 1986.

A student of Röntgen, Knipping died in a motorbike accident at the age of just 52.

Sommerfeld’s assistant reluctantly lent the necessary equipment to Laue for this experiment. The x-ray tube, induction coil, and Wehnelt electrolytic interrupter had to be set up for Friedrich‘s work anyway, so it was an easy matter to slip in a few unscheduled runs for Laue’s little experiment.

Niels Henrik David Bohr won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physics for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them. His son, Aage Niels Bohr, shared the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection. Similarly, Joseph John Thomson won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics “in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases.” His son, George Paget Thomson, shared the 1937 Nobel Prize in Physics for the experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals.

The Bragg Islands are a small group of islands in Crystal Sound that were mapped from air photos obtained by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (1947–1948) and surveys by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (1958–59). The group was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for Sir William H. Bragg.

H. E. Armstrong, “Poor Common Salt!,” Nature, vol. 120, p. 120, 1927.CrossRef

H. M. Rietveld, Journal of Applied Crystallography, vol. 2, p. 65–71, 1969.CrossRef

Titel: Introduction
verfasst von: Rick Ubic
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-49751-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-49752-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49752-0_1

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