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2024 | Buch

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Key Figures for Achieving Global Climate Goals

Volume II: America, the Middle East and South Asia, East Asia and Oceania

verfasst von: Valentin Crastan

Verlag: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This volume analyses the energy industry for the following geographical units: America – divided into North America (Canada + USA) and Central and South America –, the Middle East and South Asia, East Asia and Oceania. The key energy-economic indicators for each region and country and their development, are illustrated in numerous graphs and energy flow diagrams. Based on this analysis, the author recommends a distribution of emission reductions necessary to limit climate change (for the 2°C and 1.5°C climate goals, with a perspective up to 2050).

The continents covered in this volume collectively account for 77% of emissions. Europe + Eurasia and Africa will be addressed in volume I.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Introduction

Abstract

The sixth as well as the fifth IPCC report on climate change [6–8] essentially confirm the statements of the fourth report from 2007. In particular, it is confirmed that global warming is man-made and the necessity to curb CO₂ emissions quickly is emphasized more urgently than before, in order not to let the average temperature increase of the earth rise above 2 °C as a minimum target (2-degree limit). The Paris Agreement of 2017 recommends a stronger limit of 1.5-degrees-

Valentin Crastan

America

Frontmatter

Chapter 2. Energy Economic Analysis

Abstract

In Part I of this second volume of the series “Indicators for Achieving Global Climate Goals”, the American continent is discussed. America was “discovered”, or rediscovered, by Europe at the end of the 15th century, then settled or colonized, and has since progressively developed into the most powerful world region. America is closely connected with Europe culturally and politically within the framework of the North Atlantic Alliance.

Valentin Crastan

Chapter 3. CO2 Emissions and Indicators up to 2020 and Necessary Scenario for Compliance with the 2-Degree or 1.5-Degree Target

Abstract

A scenario compatible with the 2-degree and 1.5-degree targets up to 2050 for the USA is shown in Fig. 3.1. The decrease in 2020 is primarily due to the Corona pandemic. The corresponding course of the indicators is depicted in Fig. 3.2. The trend of energy efficiency (energy intensity) must be maintained at least until 2030, and that of the CO₂ intensity of energy, especially for the 1.5-degree target, needs to be significantly improved. Analyzed are also Canada, Mexico, Rest of Central America, Brazil and Rest of South America

Valentin Crastan

Chapter 4. Additional Data of the Countries of America

Abstract

The detailed energy flows of North America (USA + Canada) has been given in Sect. 2.4, as well as their electricity production. In Fig. 4.1, the electricity production of the USA and Canada is presented separately. For the shares of renewable and CO₂-low energies (renewable energies + nuclear energy), see Table 4.1. Given are the detailed electricity production of USA and Canada, the electricity production and Energy flows of Argentina, Colombia and Venezuela and a summary of indicators and CO2-intensities of the continent

Valentin Crastan

Middle East and South Asia

Frontmatter

Chapter 5. Energy Economic Analysis

Abstract

In Part II of this second volume of the series “Indicators for Achieving Global Climate Goals”, the Middle East and South Asia are analyzed. Together, they form a continent with a rich cultural heritage, demographically dominated by India. The economic potential is enormous and is likely to significantly influence the future of the planet.

Valentin Crastan

Chapter 6. CO2 Emissions and Indicators up to 2019 and Necessary Scenario for Compliance with the 2-Degree or 1.5-Degree Target

Abstract

Scenarios compatible with the 2-degree and 1.5-degree targets (see Chap. 1) for the Middle East are shown in Fig. 6.1. The corresponding progression of the indicators is depicted in Fig. 6.2. From the year 2020 onwards, both an improvement in energy efficiency and a reduction in the CO₂ intensity of energy through the promotion of renewable energies or nuclear energy, possibly CCS, as well as the production of CO₂-neutral fuels, are necessary.

Valentin Crastan

Chapter 7. Additional Data of the Countries of the Middle East and South Asia

Abstract

India has been discussed in Sect. 5.3, 5.44, and 6.2. Here are discussed in more detail: Iran, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Myanmar.

Valentin Crastan

Part III East Asia and Oceania

Frontmatter

Chapter 8. Energy Economic Analysis

Abstract

In Part III of this second volume of the series “Indicators for Achieving Global Climate Goals”, East Asia/Oceania is analyzed. This continent is demographically dominant worldwide and will also be economically in the future.

Valentin Crastan

Chapter 9. CO2 Emissions and Indicators from 1980 to 2019 and Necessary Scenarios for Compliance with the 2-Degree or 1.5-Degree Target

Abstract

Scenarios compatible with the 2-degree and 1.5-degree targets (see Chap. 1) for the OECD area of East Asia/Oceania are shown in Fig. 9.1. The corresponding course of the indicators is depicted in Fig. 9.2. The OECD area includes: Japan, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand. Corresponding scenarios for China are shown in Chap. 2, for Remainng Easts Acia Oceania in Chap3, and Summaries for East Asia/Oceania in Chap 4 and Chap. 5.

Valentin Crastan

Chapter 10. Additional Data of the Countries of East Asia/Oceania

Abstract

Chapter 10 shows Energy Flows and Electricity Production of Japan, South Korea, Australia, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam and Thailand and presents Tables on Indicators and CO₂-Intensities of all significant countries in East Asia/Oceania. Currently, Japan is almost a pure energy importer (Fig. 10.1). After the Fukushima accident in 2011, electricity production from nuclear energy, which accounted for about 25% of the total, was nullified until 2014 and then ramped up again to 6% by 2019 (Fig. 10.7). It was primarily replaced by gas and coal.

Valentin Crastan

Backmatter

Titel: Key Figures for Achieving Global Climate Goals
verfasst von: Valentin Crastan
Verlag: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-658-43968-2
Print ISBN: 978-3-658-43967-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-43968-2