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Erschienen in:
Law and Environment. Prevention, Control, Responsibility Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2024 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Liability for Pollution Damage to the Marine Environment

verfasst von : Dorota Pyć

Erschienen in: Managing Environmental Risks through Insurance

Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland

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Abstract

This chapter discusses some aspects of liability for pollution damage caused to the marine environment, focusing on the general obligations developed mainly under the law of the sea, which requires States to take measures to prevent, reduce, and control the pollution of the marine environment. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) reaffirms the principle of civil liability of natural and legal persons for marine pollution, but it is the responsibility of States to ensure that claims are pursued in accordance with their legal systems in order to obtain prompt and adequate compensation or to otherwise provide indemnity for the damage caused. Despite nearly three decades from the entry into force of UNCLOS, the obligation of States to further develop international law not only concerning international responsibility but also civil liability is still extremely valid.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Liability for Environmental Damage in Outer Space and Its Insurance
Fußnoten
1
Definition of marine pollution for the purpose of the IOC Working Group is: “introduction by man of substances into the marine environment resulting in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources, hazards to human health, hindrance to maritime activities including fishing, and reduction of amenities,” Report of SCOR/ACMMR Working Group 22 on Marine Pollution, p. 25, https://​scor-int.​org/​Publications/​WG22-1967.​pdf; see also: Environmental Capacity. An Approach to Marine Pollution Prevention; GESAMP (IMO/FAO/UNESCO/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP), Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution, Rep. Stud. GESAMP, nr 30, Rome 1986, www.​gesamp.​org/​site/​assets/​files/​1207/​environmental-capacity-an-approach-to-marine-pollution-prevention-en.​pdf.
 
2
Harrison (2017); Argüello (2020), pp. 101–118; Braverman (2023).
 
3
The Annexes to the MARPOL Convention on the Prevention of Pollution from Ships divide pollution into six categories: oils; noxious liquid substances in bulk; harmful substances carried by sea in packaged form, sewage from ships, garbage from ships and air pollution from ships; https://​www.​imo.​org/​en/​About/​Conventions/​Pages/​International-Convention-for-the-Prevention-of-Pollution-from-Ships-(MARPOL).​aspx.
 
4
Faule and Hui (2003), pp. 242–253.
 
5
Dow (1999), pp. 414–424; Attard (2016) passim.
 
6
Laine et al. (2021), p. 112724.
 
7
Case C-308/06: Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 3 June 2008 (reference for a preliminary ruling from the High Court of Justice of England and Wales, Queen’s Bench Division (Administrative Court)) — The Queen on the application of International Association of Independent Tanker Owners (Intertanko), International Association of Dry Cargo Shipowners (Intercargo), Greek Shipping Co-operation Committee, Lloyd’s Register, International Salvage Union v Secretary of State for Transport (Maritime transport — Ship-source pollution — Directive 2005/35/EC — Validity — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea — Marpol 73/78 Convention — Legal effects of the Conventions — Ability to rely on them — Serious negligence — Principle of legal certainty), OJ C 183, 19.7.2008, p. 2–3.
 
8
Liability and Compensation for Ship-Source Oil Pollution: An Overview of the International Legal Framework for Oil Pollution Damage from Tankers, UNCTAD 2012, https://​unctad.​org/​system/​files/​official-document/​dtltlb20114_​en.​pdf.
 
9
Charney (1994), p. 883.
 
10
E.g.: International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships – MARPOL; Convention on the Prevention of the Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter – LC; International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships – AFS; International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments – BWM; Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area.
 
12
Roland Holst (2022), pp. 250–252.
 
13
Article 192 UNCLOS.
 
14
Jackson (2005), pp. 74–95.
 
15
Brodecki (1983) passim.
 
16
Birnie (1993), pp. 1–22.
 
20
OJ L 143, 30.4.2004.
 
21
Schütte (2019), pp. 459–460.
 
22
Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy, OJ L 327, 22.12.2000, p. 1–73.
 
23
Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora OJ L 206, 22.7.1992, p. 7–50; Directive 2009/147/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds (Codified version), OJ L 20, 26.1.2010, pp. 7–25.
 
26
Brodecki and Pyć (2009).
 
29
London Steam-Ship Owners’ Mutual Insurance Association Ltd v The Kingdom of Spain (M/T “PRESTIGE” No 5), https://​www.​bailii.​org/​ew/​cases/​EWCA/​Civ/​2022/​238.​html.
 
30
International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, 2001 (the Bunkers Convention), OJ L 256, 25.9.2002, p. 9–16.
 
31
International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea, 2010 (2010 HNS Convention) https://​www.​hnsconvention.​org/​wp-content/​uploads/​2019/​05/​2010-HNS-Convention-English.​pdf.
 
32
In the initial CLC liability regime, “preventive measures” means measures taken after the incident to prevent the occurrence of a new one (CLC 1969).
 
33
Guidelines for presenting claims for clean-up and preventive measures, 2018 Edition, As approved by the 1992 Fund Administrative Council, acting on behalf of the Assembly, in April 2015, p. 4, https://​iopcfunds.​org/​wp-content/​uploads/​2015/​08/​Clean-up-Guidelines_​e.​pdf.
 
34
Convention on limitation of liability for maritime claims, 1976 (with final act). Concluded in London on 19 November 1976, https://​treaties.​un.​org/​doc/​Publication/​UNTS/​Volume%20​1456/​volume-1456-I-24635-English.​pdf.
 
35
Sperdokli (2014), pp. 611–643.
 
36
Anderson and de la Rue (2011), pp. 1257–1303.
 
37
Rules of Classes 1&2, 2022, The West of England Ship Owners Mutual. Insurance Association, Luxembourg; https://​www.​westpandi.​com/​getattachment/​9d902f6a-4592-4dd3-9a99-012399d90717/​rules-of-classes-2022.​pdf.
 
38
Pyć (2023), p. 105328.
 
Literatur
Anderson CB, de la Rue C (2011) The role of the P&I clubs in Marine pollution incidents. Tulane Law Rev 85:1257–1303
Argüello G (2020) Marine pollution, shipping waste and international law. Routledge
Attard DJ (ed) (2016) The IMLI Manual on International Maritime Law, Volume III: Marine Environmental Law and Maritime Security Law., Oxford
Birnie P (1993) Protection of the Marine environment: the public international law approach. In: de la Rue CM (ed) Liability for damage to the marine environment. London, pp 1–22
Braverman J (ed) (2023) Laws of the sea. Interdisciplinary currents. Routledge
Brodecki Z (1983) Responsibility for Marine pollution, Gdańsk, passim
Brodecki Z (1986) Compensation in the Light of the 1984 Protocols to Revise the 1969 CLC and the 1971 Fund Conventions. In: Arroyo I (ed) Yearbook Maritime law. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 99–118CrossRef
Brodecki Z, Pyć D (2009) Odpowiedzialność prewencyjna w prawie morza. In: Kozłowski A, Mielnik B (eds) Odpowiedzialność międzynarodowa jako element międzynarodowego porządku prawnego, Wrocław
Charney JI (1994) The Marine Environment and the 1982 United Nations Conventions on the law of the sea. Int Lawyer 28:883
Dow K (1999) Caught in the currents: pollution, risk, and environmental change in Marine space. Professional Geographer 51(2):414–424CrossRef
Faule M, Hui W (2003) The international regimes for the compensation of oil-pollution damage: are they effective? RECIEL 12(3):242–253
Gundlach ER (1989) Amoco Cadiz Litigation: Summary of the 1988 Court Decision. Proceedings of the 1989 Oil Spill Conference. American Petroleum Institute, Washington DC, pp 503–508
Harrison J (2017) Saving the oceans through law. The international legal framework for the protection of the Marine environment. Oxford University Press
Jackson H (2005) Who is liable for Marine pollution? Personal liability for ship-sourced oil spills in four Australian jurisdictions. MLAANZ J 19:74–95
Laine V, Goerlandt F, Valdez BO, Baldauf M, Koldenhof Y, Rytkönen J (2021) A risk management framework for maritime pollution preparedness and response: concepts, processes and tools. Marine Pollut Bull 171:112724CrossRef
Liability and Compensation for Ship-Source Oil Pollution: An Overview of the International Legal Framework for Oil Pollution Damage from Tankers Studies in Transport Law and Policy - 2012 No. 1, UNCTAD, New York-Geneva, 2012, pp 1–76
Nanda VP (1967) The Torrey Canyon Disaster: some legal aspects. Denv Law J 44:400
Nolan CR, Foley VJ (2008) The ERIKA Judgment - environmental liability and places of Refuge: a sea change in civil and criminal responsibility that the maritime community must heed. Tulane Maritime Law J 33:41–78
Pyć D (2023) Global ocean governance: towards protecting the ocean’s rights to health and resilience. Marine Policy 147:105328CrossRef
Roland Holst RJ (2022) Change in the law of the sea. Context, mechanisms and practice. Brill, pp 250–252CrossRef
Schütte B (2019) Marine Pollution in the Arctic Region: What Future for Civil liability? - The need for a Comprehensive liability scheme, Patrick Chaumette, Transforming the Ocean Law by Requirement of the Marine Environment Conservation - Le Droit de l’Océan transformé par l’exigence de conservation de l’environnement marin, Marcial Pons, pp 449–465
Sperdokli E (2014) Marine insurance for Oli pollution. Tort Trial Insur Pract Law J 49(2):611–643
Metadaten
Titel
Liability for Pollution Damage to the Marine Environment
verfasst von
Dorota Pyć
Copyright-Jahr
2024
Buch
Managing Environmental Risks through Insurance

Print ISBN: 978-3-031-47601-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-47602-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2024

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47602-0_15

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