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2024 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Liability for Wastes and Its Insurance

verfasst von : Dorota Maśniak

Erschienen in: Managing Environmental Risks through Insurance

Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland

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Abstract

The study is the result of an analysis of EU legal conditions supporting rational ecological waste management. The starting point for a deeper analysis was the creation of a conceptual apparatus related to the definition of insurance waste risk. The use of insurance as financial security for claims related to waste management is influenced by the principles of EU law: the polluter pays principle or the extended producer responsibility principle. American jurisprudence was also analyzed in order to find an answer to the question of to what extent the American insurance market is prepared to cover this type of risk. The American insurance market can be considered mature, also in the field of waste insurance, as indicated by the analysis of selected judgments.

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Fußnoten
1
Waste Management Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Service Type (Collection, Transportation, Disposal), By Waste Type, By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2023–2030 https://​www.​grandviewresearc​h.​com/​industry-analysis/​global-waste-management-market/​toc.
 
2
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matters, written in London, Moscow, Washington, and Mexico City on 29.12.1972, called the London Convention.
 
3
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal written in Basilea on 22.03.1989, called the Basil Convention.
 
4
Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives, OJ L 312, 22.11.2008, p. 3–30 called Waste Directive.
 
5
See, for instance, the judgments: Palin Granit (case C-9/00), Saetti (case C-235/02), Euro Tombesi (joined cases C-304/94, C-330/94, C-342/94 and C-224/95), and Inter-Environmental (case C-129/96).
 
6
There is an important link between the end-of-waste criteria and Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006, i.e. the EU regulation on chemical substances. As emphasized by the Waste Directive guidelines, issued by the Commission in 2012 (https://​ec.​europa.​eu/​environment/​waste/​framework/​pdf/​guidance_​doc.​pdf), whoever places the material on the market for the first time after it has achieved the “end-of-waste” status must ensure that the material meets the relevant requirements under the applicable products regulation.
 
7
Decision 2000/532/EC of 3 May 2000 replacing Decision 94/3/EC establishing a list of wastes pursuant to Article 1(a) of Council Directive 75/442/EEC on waste and Council Decision 94/904/EC establishing a list of hazardous waste pursuant to Article 1(4) of Council Directive 91/689/EEC on hazardous waste (OJ L 226, 6.9.2000, p. 3).
 
8
Resolution of 24 February 1997 on a Community strategy for waste management OJ C 76, 11.3.1997, p. 1.
 
10
Bugge (2009), pp. 411–428, also Maśniak (2021), p. 95.
 
11
Dmowska (2019), p. 135.
 
12
Gniewek and Machnikowski (2017), Kunicki (1966).
 
13
Cf. Skowrońska-Bocian and Warciński (2020).
 
14
See. Górski (2005), p. 46.
 
15
Expressed in Ustawa z 20.07.2018 o zmianie ustawy o Inspekcji Ochrony Środowiska oraz niektórych innych ustaw (Dz.U. poz. 1479) – art. 24 ust 4 a.
 
16
Widely. J. Dmowska, Obowiązki wytwórcy …,p. 137.
 
17
Thieffry (2022).
 
18
Directive 2006/66/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 September 2006 on batteries and accumulators and waste batteries and accumulators and repealing Directive 91/157/EEC) OJ L 266, 26.9.2006, p. 1.
 
19
European Parliament and Council Directive 94/62/EC of 20 December 1994 on packaging and packaging waste (OJ L 365, 31.12.1994, p. 10).
 
20
Directive 2000/53/Ec of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 September 2000 on end-of-life vehicles (OJ L 269, 21.10.2000, p. 34).
 
21
Directive 2012/19/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on waste electrical and electronic equipment [2012] OJ L197/38.
 
22
Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste [1999] OJ L182/1.
 
23
Council Directive 2016/21/EC on the management of waste from extractive industries [2016] OJ L102/15.
 
24
Commission Decision of 20 April 2009 on technical guidelines for the establishment of the financial guarantee in accordance with Directive 2006/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the management of waste from extractive industries (notified under document number C(2009) 2798) OJ L 101, 21.4.2009, p. 25–25.
 
25
Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 on shipments of waste [2006] OJ L190/1 (consolidated version).
 
26
OECD, Decision of the Council C(2001)107/Final concerning the control of transboundary movements of wastes destined for recovery operations as amended by C(2004)20; Decision of the Council C(2001)107/Final concerning the control of transboundary movements of wastes destined for recovery operations as amended by.
 
27
Method of Calculation of the Financial Guarantee and Equivalent Insurance pursuant to Art. 6 of Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 on shipments of waste in the Member States - A Compilation Document.
 
28
Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on shipments of waste and amending Regulations (EU) No 1257/2013 and (EU) No 2020/1056, Brussels, 17.11.2021 COM(2021) 709 final 2021/0367 (COD).
 
29
Fogleman (2020), p. 117.
 
30
Ustawa z dnia 14 grudnia 2012 r. o odpadach Dz. U. 2013 poz. 21 (Waste Management Act of 14 December 2012).
 
31
Orzechowska (2021a), p. 51.
 
32
The wording of paragraph 5 of Article 48 a reads: '5. The bank guarantee, insurance guarantee or insurance policy shall state that at any time, until a final decision on the return of the bank guarantee, insurance guarantee or insurance policy referred to in paragraph 18 is issued, in the event of adverse effects on the environment or environmental damage within the meaning of the Act of 13 April 2007 on prevention of damage to the environment and its remediation, arising as a result of the entity’s failure to comply with the obligations set out in this Act, including the obligations arising from its waste collection permit or waste processing permit, or the need to remove waste from a place not intended for its storage or landfill, the bank or insurance company shall pay the obligations to the authority enforcing these obligations.
 
33
Decision of the Marshal of the Wielkopolskie voivodship of 30.11.2020, DSR-II-2.7222.34.2019 https://​bip.​umww.​pl/​artykuly/​2826939/​pliki/​20210316115713_​7222.​34.​pdf.
 
34
Instead of many Maśniak (2022), p. 1225.
 
35
Fuchs (2009), pp. 19–26.
 
36
The definition of a fortuitous event adopted in the Polish Insurance and Reinsurance Act of 11 September 2015, OJ 2015 No 1844 (Article 3(1)(57)) reads “a fortuitous event - a future and uncertain event, independent of the will of the policyholder or the insured, the occurrence of which causes damage to personal property or property, or an increase in property needs on the part of the policyholder or another person covered by the insurance protection”.
 
37
Such a solution is already used in the insurance market, but it is unfortunately a rarity – Environmental Protect General Terms and Conditions of Indemnity Insurance for Environmental Damages - the General Terms and Conditions, of Colonnade Insurance S.A.
 
38
Orzechowska (2021b), pp. 79–82.
 
39
Environmental Protection - the General Terms and Conditions, of Colonnade Insurance S.A.
 
40
Fogleman (2020), p. 48.
 
41
Meeks (2009), p. 828.
 
42
See: Bituminous Cas. Corp. v. Sand Livestock Sys., Inc., 728 N.W.2d 216 219 (Iowa 2007).
 
43
Clendenin Bros., 889 A.2d at 390.
 
44
Nav-Its, Inc. v. Selective Ins. Co., 869 A.2d 929, 932 (N.J. 2005).
 
45
See Ortega Rock Quarry v. Golden Eagle Ins. Corp., 46 Cal. Rptr. 3d 517, 527-32 (Cal. Ct. App. 2006). But see Garamendi v. Golden Eagle Ins. Co., 25 Cal. Rptr. 3d 642, 646 (Cal. Ct. App. 2005).
 
46
See: Ortega Rock Quarry v. Golden Eagle Ins. Corp., 46 Cal. Rptr. 3d 517, 519-20 (Cal. Ct. App. 2006);. as cited in: Meeks (2009), p. 849.
 
47
Ross Dev. Corp. v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co., 910 F.Supp.2d 828 (DSC 2012).
 
48
Ross Dev. Corp. et. al. v. PCS Nitrogen Inc., Case No. 12-2059 (4th Cir. 2013) (unpublished).
 
49
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) (42 USC 9601-9675).
 
50
La Porta (2014), pp. 350–351.
 
51
Ross Dev. Corp. v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co., 910 F.Supp.2d 828 (DSC 2012) as cited in: La Porta (2014).
 
52
La Porta (2014), p. 356.
 
53
Grain Dealers Mut. Ins. Co. v. Farmers Alliance Mut. Ins. Co., 2001 US Dist. LEXIS 24299, *23 (W.D. Okla 2001).
 
54
Pipefitters Welfare Educational Fund v. Westchester Fire Ins. Co., 976 F.2d 1037 (7th Cir. 1992).
 
55
Independent Petrochemical Corp. v. Aetna Cas. And Sur Co., 1988 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15839 (DDC 1988).
 
56
Picerne-Military Housing, LLC v. American Intern. Specialty Lines Ins. Co., 650 F.Supp.2d 135 (D.R.I.09).
 
57
Picerne-Military Housing, LLC v. American Intern. Specialty Lines Ins. Co., 650 F.Supp.2d 135 (D.R.I.09).
 
58
Huenke (2013), pp. 229–232.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Liability for Wastes and Its Insurance
verfasst von
Dorota Maśniak
Copyright-Jahr
2024
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47602-0_11

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