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Verläufe von Resilienz – Beispiele aus Längsschnittstudien

Resilience trajectories—examples from longitudinal studies

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Aktuelle Forschungskonzepte definieren Resilienz als Adaptation an bereits erlebte und gegenwärtige Expositionen. Adaptation ist damit ein dynamisches Geschehen, das in Populationsgruppen verschieden verlaufen kann. Prospektive Längsschnittstudien bieten die einzigartige Möglichkeit, dynamische Verläufe von Resilienz zu untersuchen.

Ziele

Ziele dieses Artikels sind das Konzept Resilienz zu definieren, beispielhaft Längsschnittstudien, die Resilienz bei Kindern, Erwachsenen und älteren Menschen untersuchen, zu beschreiben, exemplarisch vier derzeit laufende Längsschnittstudien zu Resilienz, an denen die Autoren dieses Artikels beteiligt sind, vorzustellen und methodische Herausforderungen bei der empirischen Untersuchung von Resilienz zu beschreiben und zu analysieren.

Material und Methoden

Diese Arbeit basiert auf einem qualitativen Literaturreview prospektiver Längsschnittstudien, die in PubMed publiziert wurden sowie auf den Studienprotokollen von vier derzeit durchgeführten Längsschnittstudien.

Ergebnisse

Die exemplarisch vorgestellten Studien haben gezeigt, dass Resilienzverläufe in allen Altersgruppen veränderlich sind und zudem unterschiedliche Einflussfaktoren vorliegen. Die spezifische und ggf. altersabhängige Art der Veränderung ist bislang jedoch nur schwer zu erfassen und muss weiter untersucht werden.

Diskussion

Angesichts des dynamischen Verlaufes von Resilienz sind prospektive repräsentative Längsschnittstudien dringend notwendig. Diese haben das Potenzial, Resilienzmechanismen und Prädiktoren resilienter Verläufe bei Kindern, Jugendlichen, Erwachsenen und älteren Menschen zu identifizieren. Resilienzforschung hat derzeit zudem noch die Aufgabe, eine präzise Erfassung der Stressorexposition zu entwickeln.

Abstract

Background

According to current research concepts resilience can be defined as adaptation to past and ongoing exposure. Accordingly, adaptation to exposure is a dynamic process, which can be different in different population groups. Prospective longitudinal studies provide unique opportunities to investigate resilience processes.

Objectives

The aim of this article is to define the concept of resilience, describe examples of longitudinal studies investigating resilience in children, adults and older individuals, exemplary describe four ongoing longitudinal resilience studies in which the authors of the article are participating and identify and analyze methodological challenges in empirical resilience research.

Material and methods

This study was based on a qualitative literature review of published prospective studies investigating resilience listed in PubMed and study protocols of the four longitudinal studies.

Results

The exemplarily described studies have shown that resilience processes are changeable in all age groups and subject to a variety of influencing factors. The specific and potentially age-associated types of alterations have so far been difficult to determine and need further clarification.

Discussion

In view of the dynamic course of resilience, prospective longitudinal studies are urgently needed. Prospective longitudinal studies have the potential to identify resilience mechanisms and predictors of the course of resilience in different population groups, such as children, adolescents, adults and older individuals. Furthermore, resilience research needs to develop an improved and precise assessment of exposure to stressors.

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Danksagung

Dieses Projekt wurde aus Mitteln des Forschungs- und Innovationsprogramms Horizont 2020 der Europäischen Union im Rahmen der Finanzhilfevereinbarung mit Nr. 777084 des DFG-Sonderforschungsbereiches 1193 „Neurobiologie der Resilienz“ (Teilprojekte B01, C01) und des Ministeriums für Wissenschaft, Weiterbildung und Kunst des Landes Rheinland-Pfalz finanziert.

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Correspondence to J. Lindert.

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Interessenkonflikt

J. Lindert, A. Schick, A. Reif, R. Kalisch und O. Tüscher geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Alle beschriebenen Untersuchungen am Menschen wurden mit Zustimmung der zuständigen Ethik-Kommission, im Einklang mit nationalem Recht sowie gemäß der Deklaration von Helsinki von 1975 (in der aktuellen, überarbeiteten Fassung) durchgeführt. Von allen beteiligten Patienten liegt eine Einverständniserklärung vor.

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Lindert, J., Schick, A., Reif, A. et al. Verläufe von Resilienz – Beispiele aus Längsschnittstudien. Nervenarzt 89, 759–765 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-018-0536-y

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