Abstract
In order to investigate the fire suppression effectiveness of water mist with metal chloride additives, ultrafine water mists of these salts with diameters about 10μm were introduced into CH4/air non-premixed flame in the cup burner. Results showed that these droplets hard to make itself to the flame front under the cup burner flow conditions functioned as a carrier of the vaporized solid particles or its decomposed materials. The metal chloride improved fire suppression efficacy of water mist which were affected by the type and concentration of metal chloride. On a mass basis, there is a fire suppression effectiveness relationship of MgCl2<CaCl2<NaCl<KCl<MnCl2<FeCl2. The flame suppression ability of water solution/metal chlorides improves as the concentration of metal chlorides increase. However, upper additive limits exist due to the associated limiting vapour pressure of the additive.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Grant G, Brenton J, Drysdale D. Fire Suppression by Water Sprays. Prog Energy Combust Sci 2000; 26: 79–130.
E. C. Arthur, Fire Protection Handbook. National Fire Protection Association, Inc (2003), New York.
Zheng R, Rogg B, and Bray KNC, Effect of Sprays of Water and NaCl-Water Solution on the Extinction of Laminar Premixed Methane-Air Counterflow Flames. Combust.Sci.Technol. 1997; 126: 389–4
Lazzarini AK, Krauss RH, Chelliah HK, and Linteris GT. Extinction Conditions of Non-Premixed Flames with Fine Droplets of Water and Water/NaOH Solutions. Proc. Combust. Inst 2000; 28: 2939–45.
Pabon M. New Additive for Water Mist Systems on Class B Fires: Toxicological Study on Breathable Particles, the Annual Meeting of International Water Mist Association, Berlin, Germany, September 29, 2005.
Mawhinney JR, Design of Water Mist Fire Suppression Systems for Shipboard Enclosures,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Water Mist Fire Suppression Systems, Boras, Sweden, November 4–5, 1993, pp. 16–44.
Hirst R, Booth K, Measurement of flame-extinguishing concentrations, Fire Technol 1977; 5: 296–315.
Hamins A, Gmurczyk G, Grosshandler W, Rehwoldt RG, Vazquez I, Cleary T, Evaluation of Alternative In-Flight Fire Suppressants for Full-Scale Testing in Simulated Aircraft Engine Nacelles and Dry Bays, NIST SP861, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 1994.pp. 345–465.
Hamins A, Flame Extinction by Sodium Bicarbonate Powder in a Cup Burner. Proc. Combust. Inst 1998; 27: 2857–2864.
Linteris GT, Katta VR, Experimental and numerical evaluation of metallic compounds for suppressing cup-burner flames, Combust. Flame 2004; 138: 78–96.
Shilling H, Dlugogorski BZ, Kennedy EM, Proceedings of the Sixth Australasian Heat and Mass Transfer Conference, Begell House, New York, 1996, pp 275–282.
Mitani T, and Niioka T, Extinction phenomenon of premixed flames with alkali metal compounds, Combust. Flame 1984; 55: 13–21.
Friedrich M, Fire Extinguishing Experiments with Aqueous Salt Solution Sprays, Fire Res Abstr Rev 1964; 6: 44.
Samuel L, Manzello and Yang JC. The Effect of an Alcohol Resistant Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AR-AFFF) on the Evaporation, Boiling, and Collision Dynamics of a Water Droplet on a Heated Solid Surface, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2002; 256: 418–427.
Michelle D, King, Yang JC, Chien WS, Grosshandler WL. Evaporation of a Small Water Droplet Containing an Additive. Proceedings of the ASME National Heat Transfer Conference, Baltimore, August, 1997, 6–12.
Babushok V, Tsang W, Linteris GT and Reinelt D. Chemical Limits to Flame Inhibition. Combust. and Flame 1998; 115: 551–560.
Rosser WA, Jr, Inami SH, and Wise H. The Effect of Metal Salts on Premixed Hydrocarbon-Air Flames. Combust. Flame 1963; 7: 107–119.
Linteris GT, Rumminger M, and Babushok V. Final Report: Effective Non-Toxic Metallic Fire Suppressants, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, NISTIR 6875, 2002.
M. Vanpee, P.P. Shirodkar, A Study of Flame Inhibition by Metal Compounds. Proc. Combust. Inst 1978; 17: 787–795.
McCamy CS, Shoub H, and Lee TG. Fire Extinguishment by Means of Dry Powder. Proc. Combust. Inst. 1956; 6: 795–801.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
The authors appreciate the support of Project 50676092 supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China and Project 11YZ131 supported by Shanghai Municipal Education Commission.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, J., Cong, B. Experimental evaluation of water mist with metal chloride additives for suppressing CH4/air cup-burner flames. J. Therm. Sci. 22, 269–274 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11630-013-0623-0
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11630-013-0623-0