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2023 | Buch

Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Promotion of Green Electricity in Germany and Turkey

A Comparison with Reference to the WTO and EU Law

verfasst von: Onur Cagdas Artantas

Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland

Buchreihe : European Yearbook of International Economic Law

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

The global energy economy is undergoing a profound transformation, yielding several pivotal objectives. Foremost among these is mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and toxic pollutants. Another essential goal involves promoting more sustainable economies, thereby curbing material consumption and reducing our reliance on resource extraction. Further priorities include fostering energy security and economic resilience by reducing dependence on external energy sources. All these aims overlap in one common policy: accelerating the renewable energy capacity deployment. Complementing this paradigm shift is the complete electrification of economic activities and households, resulting in the need to incentivize green electricity generation.

In this context, this book undertakes a comprehensive exploration of the regulatory framework underpinning the advancement of green electricity. After reviewing the political and economic dimensions, it offers an exhaustive analysis of ongoing developments in four legal domains: The WTO, EU, Germany, and Turkey.

Furthermore, the book presents a legal analysis of the intricate interplay between the WTO and EU law coupled with the German and Turkish models. It focuses on the most topical and relevant issues, including the effect of the ongoing energy crisis on state aid for green electricity in the EU; WTO case law on local content requirement components of the promotion schemes; the intricate legal, economic, and political challenges that accompany Germany’s Energiewende and its phasing out of coal and nuclear energy; and Turkey’s regulatory endeavors to bolster its energy self-sufficiency strategy.

Following a thorough examination encompassing theoretical, regulatory, and comparative aspects, the book moves beyond the applicable legal framework to make concrete proposals on the future design of green electricity promotion in Germany and Turkey so as to facilitate a rapid but socially equitable energy transition by incentivizing economic efficiency.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
The opening chapter introduces the subject of green electricity promotion from law and policy perspectives and describes the methodology which was utilized throughout the book.
Onur Cagdas Artantas
Chapter 2. Technological, Economic and Legal Terminology
Abstract
This chapter examines the complexities of defining and identifying government promotion, particularly in the context of green electricity. By exploring a range of definitions, the work acknowledges the varying degrees to which fiscal aid and regulatory measures can be considered promotion. Legal and economic approaches are investigated to assess the impact of government interventions in the private sector. Ultimately, a broad understanding of promotion is adopted, encompassing fiscal and regulatory measures. A simple economic method that deems promotion as a measure conferring benefit is preferred for legal analysis. This book employs a normative legal research methodology to analyze the development and significance of legal regulations in promoting a sustainable energy economy. By examining international agreements, case law, and comparative analysis of Germany and Turkey, the book offers insights into various approaches and institutions in supporting the energy transition and make law and policy recommendations based on best practices.
Onur Cagdas Artantas
Chapter 3. Economic and Political Aspects of Green Electricity Promotion
Abstract
This chapter introduces the subject of renewable energy policy and law. This section delves into the fundamental concepts and terminology of this discipline, as well as the current state of global renewable energy capacity. The effects of the post-pandemic commodity scarcity and the Russian invasion of Ukraine on the EU energy law and policy (echoed in the REPowerEU package of 2022) are given particular attention. Additionally, the introduction discusses the challenges inherent to promoting green electricity and the economic, political, and legal incentives for doing so. In its entirety, this chapter posits that the transition to green electricity will be a laborious process, and therefore, well-defined and controlled promotion models will be required for an extended period.
Onur Cagdas Artantas
Chapter 4. Theoretical Issues of Green Electricity Promotion
Abstract
This chapter establishes the theoretical foundation of the text, comparing two distinct definitions from the EU and WTO legal domains. It then examines the promotion control mechanisms within both the WTO and the EU. The chapter suggests that differing political motivations for these control mechanisms in the WTO and EU result in varying legal tools. The WTO’s objective is global free trade, while the EU targets a robust internal market, and their respective control mechanisms reflect these aims. Additionally, the chapter explores the policy space for promoting green electricity in both legal spheres, using examples like Article XX GATT and state aid control exemptions in EU law to evaluate their potential for enabling a rapid energy transition.
Onur Cagdas Artantas
Chapter 5. Green Electricity Promotion Schemes
Abstract
This chapter is primarily focused on the analysis of the leading schemes promoting green electricity, categorized into fiscal and regulatory categories. The investigation into these schemes extends to their respective advantages and disadvantages, in addition to the exploration of legal aspects associated with prevalent promotional tactics such as tax reductions, feed-in tariff procedures, and emission trading mechanisms. The examples presented within this chapter indicate that every green electricity promotional strategy possesses distinctive benefits and restrictions. Certain schemes offer enhanced investment protection or higher incentives, while others more accurately mirror price signals to augment economic efficiency. Consequently, it is crucial for policymakers and legislators to comprehend this aspect and constantly modify promotional strategies to adapt to contemporary shifts in the global economy, domestic requirements, and technological advancements. This flexibility ensures the construction of green electricity promotional mechanisms that yield meaningful, precisely-targeted outcomes.
Onur Cagdas Artantas
Chapter 6. Green Electricity Promotion in Germany
Abstract
The focus of this chapter centers around an investigation of the German models promoting green electricity, commencing with their political and legal antecedents. As an early adopter of green electricity promotion, Germany has refined and expanded numerous models over the past 30 years. The primary finding from this analysis highlights the German model’s emphasis on emission reduction and energy security, stemming from the “Energiewende” concept that aims for a swift transition from nuclear and fossil-based energy sources to renewables. Thereafter, an analysis of German promotion schemes is conducted, including the most recent modifications, such as the German EEG 2023. Ultimately, the legal discussions surrounding German schemes at both the national and European Union levels are scrutinized.
Onur Cagdas Artantas
Chapter 7. Green Electricity Promotion in Turkey
Abstract
The focus of this chapter is a detailed analysis of the Turkish models promoting green electricity, encompassing the most recent revisions, such as the YEKDEM and YEKA updates. This analysis asserts that the Turkish model emphasizes the localization of electricity generation and equipment manufacture. The reasons for the policy divergence from the German approach are explored, arguing that the geographical, economic, and political differences between the two countries validate this variance in promotion schemes. In conclusion, the legal discussions surrounding the Turkish schemes are investigated, with a particular emphasis on scrutinizing the potential conformity of these schemes with European Union law or external cooperation mechanisms.
Onur Cagdas Artantas
Chapter 8. Comparison of Models and Proposals
Abstract
This concluding chapter juxtaposes Germany and Turkey’s green electricity promotion structures and advances tailored policy recommendations. While Germany has adequate green electricity promotion levels, the chapter proposes localized equipment production, resource diversification, and reassessment of nuclear phase-out in favor of modular reactors. For Turkey, a focus on emission reduction, developing a carbon pricing mechanism, and bolstering green electricity promotion are advised. The significance of integrating Turkey into the EU market with its green electricity certificate, ETS, and taxonomy mechanisms is highlighted, emphasizing the need for national legislation fine-tuned for domestic needs. Mutual benefits are highlighted from enhanced EU-Turkey cooperation in sustainability finance, electricity trade, green hydrogen, and onshoring equipment production. In essence, it is argued that countries should implement a blend of promotion schemes based on global best practices and aligned with national and local priorities. This approach should aid in facilitating the energy transition while keeping public approval high and providing economic sustainability at the domestic level.
Onur Cagdas Artantas
Chapter 9. Conclusion
Abstract
The concluding chapter brings together the main arguments that have been presented throughout the book.
Onur Cagdas Artantas
Metadaten
Titel
Promotion of Green Electricity in Germany and Turkey
verfasst von
Onur Cagdas Artantas
Copyright-Jahr
2023
Electronic ISBN
978-3-031-44760-0
Print ISBN
978-3-031-44759-4
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44760-0

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