nach oben

2024 | Buch

Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Ship Operations in Extreme Low Temperature Environments

verfasst von: Alexander Olsen

Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland

Buchreihe : Springer Series on Naval Architecture, Marine Engineering, Shipbuilding and Shipping

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Über dieses Buch

This book recognizes the fact that the vessels' intended operational profile may vary as some vessels are intended to operate with the assistance of an ice breaker and others are intended to operate independently. The guidance provided in this book is proposed to apply to all vessels that are designed, equipped and intended to operate in low-temperature environments. Special attention is given to those vessels operating for extended periods in the Arctic regions, as this presents specific and unique challenges for vessels and crew members. The application of the guidance in this book is optional. When a vessel is designed, equipped, built and surveyed in accordance with the relevant class rules, and when found satisfactory during class notation survey, a classification notation may be granted which demonstrates the vessel's compliance with the appropriate class requirements for vessels operating in low-temperature environments. Those vessels that are designed to meet the requirements of an ice class are typically required to meet specific class rules around “strengthening for navigation in ice” or other equivalent and recognized ice class rules.

Accordingly, this book also provides guidance related to the requirements which address the duration of emergency electrical power. This extended emergency power duration is expressed in hours and may be appended to the base optional class notations. To provide as much context as possible, this book refers to the most relevant international regulations and standards that are considered to be applicable. It is recommended that readers of this book refer to the most recent text of those regulations and standards when seeking to apply the guidance set out herein, as it is the intent of the book to remain consistent with the pertinent international regulations and standards developed by the global maritime industry.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

The Arctic Environment

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Introduction

Abstract

The guidance provided in this book is designed to apply to all vessels that are designed, equipped and intended to operate in low temperature environments. Special attention is given to those vessels operating for extended periods in the Arctic regions, as this presents specific and unique challenges for vessels and crew members.

Alexander Olsen

Chapter 2. The Arctic Environment

Abstract

For the purposes of this book, the term “Arctic” is used to indicate the terrestrial basin which is filled by the Arctic or Polar Ocean. “Arctic” will also include the seas contiguous to the Arctic Ocean, the shores surrounding these seas, and in some cases, the navigable rivers which flow into these seas and the Arctic Ocean.

Alexander Olsen

Chapter 3. Arctic Oceanography

Abstract

The Arctic Ocean surrounds the North Pole and is defined by the bordering land masses, of Siberia, Alaska, Canada and Greenland. In an oceanographic sense, it is a single large basin connected primarily with the Atlantic Ocean through two other major Arctic seas: Baffin Bay and the Greenland Sea.

Alexander Olsen

Chapter 4. Preparing the Vessel for Arctic Operations

Abstract

Weather conditions in the North Atlantic, particularly during winter, can be more severe than those experienced above the Arctic Circle during the short navigation season. Indeed, the Arctic summer can be quite pleasant, with warm sunshine, temperatures well above freezing, dear skies, little wind, and, because of the dampening effect of ice, calm seas.

Alexander Olsen

Chapter 5. Operating in Arctic Conditions

Abstract

Given the propensity for freezing conditions, it should come as no surprise to the seasoned mariner that waterways and harbours are often frozen over. This means ice-breaking vessels are needed to clear a pathway through the ice to permit safe and unimpeded passage.

Alexander Olsen

Arctic Vessel Requirements

Frontmatter

Chapter 6. Arctic Vessel Hull Structure Materials, Welding and Coatings

Abstract

In the first part of the book, we examined the general environment and climatic conditions that are often experienced in the Arctic and polar latitudes. This is important for mariners to know as it enables them to prepare for living and working in very inhospitable conditions.

Alexander Olsen

Chapter 7. Arctic Vessel Hull Construction and Equipment

Abstract

In the previous chapter we examined some of the main Class Rules relating to the classification and use of steel, welding and coatings. In this chapter, we will turn our attention to the methods of construction and the equipment used for vessels intended for extreme low temperature service. For vessels intended to navigate in ice waters in Arctic regions, the applicable requirements for hull strengthening are provided later in this book. If the intended routes through which the vessel is expected to operate are ice free, then ice strengthening classification is not required.

Alexander Olsen

Chapter 8. Arctic Vessel Systems and Machinery

Abstract

In the previous two Chaps. (6 and 7) we examined the main Class Rules associated with the structural design and construction of vessel hulls operating in Arctic and extreme low temperature environments. In this chapter, we will instead consider guidance relating to the management and safe use of Arctic vessel systems and machinery when operating in extreme low temperature environments.

Alexander Olsen

Chapter 9. Arctic Vessel Safety Systems

Abstract

In the previous chapter we discussed some of the primary safety systems associated with eliminating or reducing icing on critical equipment. This chapter discusses the requirements for various systems and equipment necessary for the protection and survival of the personnel onboard vessels operating in low temperatures. It should be noted that for vessels operating in low temperature environments, rescue and medical services may be significantly delayed due to the prevailing weather conditions or remoteness of the maritime area of operation. A list of Maritime Administrations with coasts on the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans and the Baltic Sea are provided at the end of the chapter.

Alexander Olsen

Chapter 10. Requirements for Specific Vessel Types

Abstract

Many vessel types have design and operational characteristics which require special consideration when intended, or called upon to, operate in Arctic or polar conditions. This chapter addresses some of those additional requirements for specific vessel types which are now operating or under consideration for operation in low temperature environment services, including liquid natural gas (LNG) carriers, bulk carriers, offshore support vessels (OSV), and oil tankers.

Alexander Olsen

Polar Class Notations

Frontmatter

Chapter 11. Structural Requirements for Polar Class Vessels

Abstract

In Part of this book, we examined the general Class requirements pertaining to vessels intended to operate in extreme low temperature environments (i.e., in Arctic or polar latitudes). In this Part 3, we will discuss the general requirements for ship designers and vessel owners/operators seeking optional ice strengthening class notations. This Chap. 11 provides important guidance on the structural requirements for vessels seeking (or are in the process of being assigned) a Polar Class (PC) notation. Chapter 12 concerns the machinery requirements for PC vessels based on based on IACS UR I1, I2, and I3. Chapter 13 sets out the requirements for enhanced PC notations, and Chap. 14 provides the requirements for vessels intending to navigate in first-year ice. In the final chapter of this Part 3, Chap. 15 examines the Class requirements associated with the Baltic Ice Class notation available to vessels intending to navigate the Baltic Sea during the winter season as provisioned in the 1985 Joint Finnish Swedish Ice Class Rules.

Alexander Olsen

Chapter 12. Machinery Requirements for Polar Class Vessels

Abstract

This chapter applies to the main propulsion, steering gear, emergency and essential auxiliary systems essential for the safety of polar class vessels and the survivability of the crew. The requirements contained in this chapter are additional to those discussed previously in Chaps. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11.

Alexander Olsen

Chapter 13. Requirements for Enhanced Polar Class Notation

Abstract

Vessels that comply with the requirements outlined and discussed in this chapter, in addition to those previously discussed in Chaps. 11 and 12 may be considered for a PC notion as described in Chap. 11, Table 11.1. Where issued, the PC notation is followed by the annotation ‘ENHANCED’. (e.g., ICE CLASS PC3, ENHANCED).

Alexander Olsen

Chapter 14. Requirements for Vessels Intended for Navigation in First-Year Ice

Abstract

Vessels which are to be distinguished in the Record by Ice Class followed by ice class A0, B0, C0, D0 or E0 are expected to meet the applicable requirements set by Class, as summarised in this chapter. Non-self-propelled vessels are expected to comply with separate requirements as applicable. Moreover, those vessels requiring ice breaker assistance are required to comply with the additional requirements set by Class.

Alexander Olsen

Chapter 15. Baltic Ice Class Notation

Abstract

Vessels to be distinguished in the vessel’s record by ICE CLASS followed by ice class I AA through I C (or equivalent, as specified by the vessel’s Class notation protocols) are expected to comply the applicable guidance contained in this chapter. All vessels designated such are to be self-propelled and equipped with a radio telephone capable of VHF communications.

Alexander Olsen

Crew Health, Safety and Welfare

Frontmatter

Chapter 16. Extreme Low Temperature Safety

Abstract

Due in part to the significant environmental conditions that a vessel and its crew are operating in, particular attention must be paid to the vessel’s personnel so that they remain effective in performing their duties safely and efficiently. Working in freezing weather environments has significant implications on human capabilities and unless proper precautions are made can be hazardous to a person’s health. In recognition of these implications on human health and performance due to working in cold climes, this chapter is offered to provide basic information on human performance and health hazards; information for design or selection of clothing; design of equipment to be operated in frigid conditions; information that can be used to help generate freezing weather operations’ safety and operating procedures; and information that can be used to preserve the health of persons working in cold environments. The information that follows is simply information and carries no weight as Rules or requirements leading to Notations or Certifications.

Alexander Olsen

Chapter 17. Extreme Low Temperature Training

Abstract

Vessels operating in low temperature environments are exposed to a number of unique circumstances. Weather conditions are poor and navigation charts may be unreliable or not reflect current conditions. Shipboard polar ice charts should be updated weekly upon processing of satellite images. Local ice conditions may differ significantly from those depicted on charts. Maintaining manoeuvrability for the avoidance of locally heavy ice conditions is an important consideration when using ice charts at the route planning level, and communication systems and navigational aids present challenges to mariners.

Alexander Olsen

Backmatter

Titel: Ship Operations in Extreme Low Temperature Environments
verfasst von: Alexander Olsen
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-52513-1
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-52512-4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52513-1

Premium Partner

Marktübersichten

Die im Laufe eines Jahres in der „adhäsion“ veröffentlichten Marktübersichten helfen Anwendern verschiedenster Branchen, sich einen gezielten Überblick über Lieferantenangebote zu verschaffen.

Zur Marktübersicht