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2022 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. AI’s Impact on the Society and Human Behavior

verfasst von : Jaemin Lee

Erschienen in: Artificial Intelligence and International Law

Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore

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Abstract

In general, AI is defined as mechanical devices that are capable of calculating, learning, and making decisions autonomously.

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Vorheriges Kapitel The Advent of AI and Its Present and Future Application

Nächstes Kapitel New Issues Raised by AI

See Hill and Marsan [1].

See Alston [2], Hammond [3].

It is expected that the advent of AI will cause significant changes in war and military cooperation in the future. Autonomous weapons based on AI involve a high risk of violation of the International Humanitarian Law and the International Law of Human Rights as well as issues of state responsibility. ‘Autonomous weapon’ means a weapon that is capable of imitating cognitive thinking of humans and deciding its own behaviors in order to achieve a preset goal by means of AI. Development activity in this area has continued in consideration of the advantage that the risk of soldier casualties is minimized with the workload reduced. It is expected that sooner or later, complete automation can be achieved technically. See McAllister [4].

Such legal responsibilities due to a defect in the manufacturing process are not discussed in this paper. Basically, such responsibilities are taken by humans since there is no significant difficulty in applying the domestic laws of a state with the jurisdiction. In this case, however, this fact itself does not make conclusive the fact that it is a state responsibility. See Marchant et al. [5], Krishnan [6], Kastan [7], Schmitt and Thurnher [8].

See Editorial: AI Systems Hold Great Promise for Local gov’ts, but Efficiency isn’t Everything, The Mainichi, (Aug. 13, 2019), available at https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20190813/p2a/00m/0na/012000c.

See International Law Commission, Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, November 2001, Supplement No. 10 (A/56/10), (hereinafter, “2001 ILC Draft Articles”), Article 4 stipulates.

Article 4 Conduct of Organs of a State.

1. The conduct of any State organ shall be considered an act of that State under international law, whether the organ exercises legislative, executive, judicial or any other functions, whatever position it holds in the organization of the State, and whatever its character as an organ of the central Government or of a territorial unit of the State.

2. An organ includes any person or entity which has that status in accordance with the internal law of the State.

Ibid.

Anderson and Waxman [9].

Lin et al. [10].

Hammond [11].

Supra note 146, p. 1104.

Ibid.

See 2001 ILC Draft Articles, Article 11.

See 2001 ILC Draft Articles, Article 4, supra note 129.

Ibid. Article 4 also states the status under domestic laws (“whatever position it holds in the organization of the State”).

See 2001 ILC Draft Articles, Article 5; See Hammond [12], Coeckelbergh [13].

See 2001 ILC Draft Articles, Article 5.

See 2001 ILC Draft Articles, Article 7.

See 2001 ILC Draft Articles, Article 8; Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States) (hereinafter ‘Nicaragua case’), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 41.

United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1980, p. 35, para 74.

Steven Hill, and Nadia Marsan, Artificial Intelligence and Accountability: A Multinational Legal Perspective, NATO Office of Legal Affairs Report STO-MP-IST-160 (2018), pp. 3–4.

Philip Alston, Lethal Robotic Technologies: The Implications for Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law, Journal of Law, Information and Science, Vol. 21 (2011), p. 51.

Daniel N. Hammond, Autonomous Weapons and the Problem of State Accountability, Chicago Journal of International Law, Vol. 15, Issue 2 (2015), p. 652.

Amanda McAllister, Stranger than Science Fiction: The Rise of A.I. Interrogation in the Dawn of Autonomous Robots and the Need for an Additional Protocol to the UN Convention Against Torture, Minnesota Law Review, Vol. 101, Issue 6 (2017), pp. 2533–5.

Gary E. Marchant, Braden Allenby, and Ronald Arkin, International Governance of Autonomous Military Robots, Columbia Science and Technology Review, Vol.12 (2011), p. 280.

Armin Krishnan, Killer Robots: Legality and Ethicality of Autonomous Weapons, Ashgate (2009), pp. 103–5.

Benjamin Kastan, Autonomous Weapons Systems: A Coming Legal “Singularity”?, University of Illinois Journal of Law, Technology & Policy, Vol. 2013, Issue 1 (2013), pp. 65–81.

Michael N. Schmitt, and Jeffrey S. Thurnher, ‘Out of the Loop’: Autonomous Weapon Systems and the Law of Armed Conflict, Harvard National Security Journal, Vol. 4 (2013), pp. 276–9.

Kenneth Anderson, and Matthew C. Waxman, Debating Autonomous Weapon Systems, Their Ethics, and Their Regulation Under International Law, American University Washington College of Law, Washington College of Law Research Paper No. 2017–21, (2017), p. 1101.

10.

Patrick Lin et al., Autonomous Military Robotics: Risk, Ethics, and Design, p. 4 (Cal. Polytechnic St.Univ.ed.,2008) cited by Jack M. Beard, Autonomous Weapons and Human Responsibilities, Georgetown Journal of International Law, Vol. 45 (2014), p. 620.

11.

Daniel N. Hammond, Autonomous Weapons and the Problem of State Accountability, Chicago Journal of International Law, Vol. 15, Issue 2 (2015), p. 15.

12.

Daniel N. Hammond, Autonomous Weapons and the Problem of State Accountability, Chicago Journal of International Law, Vol. 15, Issue 2 (2015), p. 669.

13.

Mark Coeckelbergh, Artificial Intelligence, Responsibility Attribution, and a Relational Justification of Explainability, Science and Engineering Ethics, Vol. 26 (2020), pp. 2054–5.

Titel: AI’s Impact on the Society and Human Behavior
verfasst von: Jaemin Lee
Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore
Buch: Artificial Intelligence and International Law
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-1495-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-19-1496-6

Copyright-Jahr: 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1496-6_3

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