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2023 | Buch

Literature Discussion and Theoretical Framework Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

State Failure, Power Expansion, and Balance of Power in the Middle East

The Struggle Over Failed States

verfasst von: Aso M. Ali

Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This book examines the strategies of regional powers in the Middle East regarding their response to cases of state failure in the region, thus connecting the theoretical concepts of statehood, state failure, and revisionist and pro-status quo interventionist behavior. Through a detailed comparative analysis of five case studies of failed states occurring in the region during 1960–2010s –Yemen (1962–1970), Lebanon (1975–1989), Iraq (2003–2020), Yemen (2004–2020), and Syria (2011–2020) – the author employs the conceptual theory of balance of power to analyze the behavior of six regional powers in the Middle East: Egypt, Iran, Israel, Syria (pre-2011), Saudi Arabia, and Turkey toward each one of those cases. The book proposes that when states become failed states, regional powers with revisionist strategies expand into them, which in turn induce status quo regional powers to react by imposing balancing action, and that this power struggle turns failed states into battlegrounds for regional power (im)balances. This book offers empirical and theoretical insights into regional politics of the Middle East over the past six decades, contributes to international policy and security studies scholarship from a Middle East regional perspective, and draws attention to the importance of analyzing the destabilizing and historical consequences of state failures for contemporary contexts.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Literature Discussion and Theoretical Framework
Abstract
Originated in the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, modern state is the supreme organizing power within a delimited geographic space. Its primary goal is to establish social order through the concentration of power. The relationship between the state and order is fundamentally organic. Conceiving the state as the supreme body entitled with the task of security provision within its borders is rooted in the history of its invention and in the justification of its continutation.
Aso M. Ali
Chapter 2. Regional Powers: Grand Strategies of Revisionism and Status Quoism
Abstract
This chapter aims to determine the type of grand strategies of the six regional powers of the Middle East: Egypt, Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Syria (pre-2011), and Turkey. For this purpose, it conducts a survey of samples of speech delivered by states’ top leaders as a source to identify the grand strategy of each one of those states under every leadership with at least a four year-tenure in power during different periods under study.
Aso M. Ali
Chapter 3. Yemen (1962–1970): Failure by a Military Coup
Abstract
The failure of the Yemeni state in 1962 occurred as a result of the overthrow of the monarchic rule of Imam Badr by a military junta in September 1962. The state of Yemen had been under the rule of the Zaydi Shia traditional monarchy for centuries in which “the only law was the Imam himself,” as a Yemeni opposition figure described it (Al-Baydani, Asrar Al-Yemen, Al-Thawra, 1962, 22).
Aso M. Ali
Chapter 4. Lebanon (1975–1989): From Consensus Democracy to Communal War
Abstract
In a country in which its levers of powers are strictly split based on the respective ratio of population size of each of its comprising cultural-social communities, the stability, or even the very survival, of its governing structure is contingent on the in/flexibility and in/variability of those demographic ratios and also on the creativity and tendency of the political elite to continually adjust the governing system and/or social relations among the communities in order to accommodate the changes.
Aso M. Ali
Chapter 5. Iraq (2003–2020): From a Bulwark Power into a Failed State
Abstract
The failure of the Iraqi state is rooted in its external war adventures, international sanctions, and internationally conducted regime change. Iraq has been one of those states where the destabilizing impact of the incohesion of their national-social compositions is suppressed by iron-fist hand from the central government—almost universally authoritarian and pervasive over the state and society.
Aso M. Ali
Chapter 6. Yemen (2004–2020): A New Round of State Failure
Abstract
The cause of the Yemeni state failure is essentially rooted in an armed insurgency by the Houthis against the central government in San’a’a. The war, which started precipitously with limited skirmishes, escalated into a wider insurgency war that occurred in the form of several rounds over years that would culminate in the takeover of the state by the insurgency in late 2014.
Aso M. Ali
Chapter 7. Syria (2011–2020): From a Revisionist Power into a Conquered State
Abstract
The state failure in Syria represents a unpredictable case which can only be explained by the drastic incoherence between the respective share of each of its two sects (Shia vs. Sunni) within the national population and the sectarian composition of the governing group. Still, for nearly four decades this potential source of domestic dissension had been both suppressed by the autocratic policing of the state and, at least traditionally, absorbed by the regime’s Arab nationalist discourse—which was politically nationally encompassing with the vast majority of the population being of Arabic ethnic. Yet, the surge of sectarianism in 2000s in the region had gradually displaced the nationalist discourse of the regime as a unifying ideational force; and, the outbreak of anti-regime Sunni protests in early 2011 and the resistance by the regime to accommodate the demands of the majority for change combined to sink the country into the rank of failed states from its proud regional power status.
Aso M. Ali
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
State Failure, Power Expansion, and Balance of Power in the Middle East
verfasst von
Aso M. Ali
Copyright-Jahr
2023
Electronic ISBN
978-3-031-44633-7
Print ISBN
978-3-031-44632-0
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44633-7

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