TRANSBALTICA XIII: Transportation Science and Technology

The main goal of the work is to simulate an integrated system for diagnosing and managing vehicle safety, which will become an alternative to existing analogs and significantly reduce the cost of protecting cars from theft.To achieve the set goals, the work analyzes the safety indicators of road transport on a global scale. Based on the analysis carried out, the problem of determining the operability of the system, the main purpose of which is remote blocking of the engine in case of theft, is solved.The scientific work deals with remote blocking of the engine using a GSM module. Thus, the GSM module receives data from the power relay and the OBD-2 vehicle system diagnostic module, this task is assigned to the signal processing subsystem using the built-in Wi-Fi module. This allows you to identify the owner of the car by a unique identifier of the mobile device and determine the location of the car. If there is interference with the Wi-Fi signal to unlock the car, you can integrate the hidden NFC tag into its door card at the same time.The team of authors has developed an alternative CSDUA system based on the Telegram messenger.

LiDAR is one of the primary sensors used in automated driving. Its task is to provide information about the environment and the obstacles. Adverse weather conditions may affect the effective operation of the LiDAR sensor. The article presents the two most important methods of LiDAR sensor testing. The methodology of building test rigs was described and critically analysed. As part of the work, the construction process from the ground up of the test rig to the study of the impact of rain of varying intensity on the LiDAR sensor works was presented. The method and results of tests carried out with the use of the constructed test rig, showing the influence of rain intensity on the operation of LiDAR sensor, are presented.

The article shows the results of the analysis of the development of municipal passenger transport. The regulations on the existence and the need to overcome the contradictions between the desired and existing systems for the provision of transport services to the population are formed on the basis of this analysis. The expediency of creating a decision support system for the subjects of the passenger transportation market is shown. It was based on the creation of a single information space for traffic participants in transport systems. A new method for assessing the passenger’s choice of travel path based on the MNL (multinomial model) has been developed. The developed method makes it possible to obtain and predict the form of the attractiveness function of urban routes in any city for its further use in models for the formation of rational route networks. A new intelligent technology for monitoring passenger traffic has been proposed. The practical significance of the results obtained lies in the original approach to monitoring passenger traffic, proposed on the basis of the use of information technologies and distributed multidimensional databases. The result of the application of appropriate information and communication technologies for monitoring the movement of passenger transport is useful for the development of transport infrastructure in large cities. This will make it possible to profit from the rational distribution of resources for the maintenance of the route network of cities and regions.

The study is devoted to solving the problem of traffic jams that arise on the roads of large cities due to various random factors. An overview of the modern systems of automatic control of traffic flows is provided, and the main reasons for the occurrence of traffic anomalies at intersections controlled by traffic lights are considered. The formalisation of input and output data corresponding to stochastic traffic conditions is shown. The research focuses on improving the city’s traffic flow management systems by implementing distributed data processing systems. The architecture of the Distributed Data Processing System is proposed, and the scheme of its integration with the Intellectual Traffic Light Control System, which is being developed for automatic situational adjustment of traffic light operation, is shown. The practical significance of such integration lies in the ability to operate with up-to-date information about the situation on the city’s roads, which is necessary for the automatic coordination of the city’s traffic lights. This possibility can be realised thanks to the ability of distributed data processing systems to process large volumes of stochastic information in real time. In the future, the accumulation of statistical data on the state of traffic will provide an opportunity to form reliable samples for training artificial neural networks capable of processing data from video surveillance cameras.

The study is devoted to the problem of reducing energy consumption by heavy-duty vehicles on autobahns. The task of optimising truck transport cycles, which consist of acceleration, free rolling, and deceleration under the action of external resistance forces, is formulated. At the same time, the truck must complete the transportation task on time, in compliance with the planned schedule and within a safe distance to other objects. Such a problem refers to nonlinear optimal control problems with a fixed left end of the phase trajectory and a free right end. The problem was solved by the method of dynamic programming. A set of optimal phase trajectories and control functions is obtained for different longitudinal profiles of the freeway, different initial speeds and a different number of possible hindrances. The greatest impact on the traffic program is the number and locations of hindrances on the road due to the different densities of the traffic flow. In order to assess the possibility of using optimal cycles, a simulation of truck movement in a traffic flow characterised by mathematical expectation and standard deviation of cruising speed was performed. The prediction horizon of the probable speed of the vehicle was changed in the simulation model. Deviations from the planned movement program measured the quality of driving. It is shown that there is a finite set of numerical values of the prediction horizon on the highway, the control quality for which is the highest. The intelligent information system’s conceptual structure for controlling the truck flow to achieve the parameters of the energy saving program is proposed. Experimental studies have been carried out, which indicate an adequate assessment of the theoretical model of the movement program and the possibility of its implementation.

The distributed ledger technology (Blockchain) offers a fast, scalable solution for data tracking and authentication. Implementation of Blockchain is expected to emphasize the use of technology to decrease or eliminate third-party costs, better protect devices and systems’ data, and enhance transparency and security. Blockchain also offers a highly secure platform that enables quicker operation and payments, and more precise data record of transportation vehicles (in all modes). This feature plays a significant role in the supply chain by providing access to shared information, to decrease or eliminate redundant communication and information, avoiding data transmission errors. Therefore, it becomes feasible to spend less time verifying data and more time analysing and managing data, which can improve the quality of the interaction between participants, control or reduce costs, or both. In the collection, analysis, and secure sharing of big data with relevant parties, technological advances and the efficient use of smart transportation systems in urban and rural transportation take priority. Particularly in recent years, the loss of data from hacker attacks or the inability to determine where data is transported demonstrates that Blockchain technology may be used successfully in this field. This paper examines the “Smart Cities Traffic Safety” project, which is one of the largest Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) projects in Turkey and is currently implemented by Samsun Metropolitan Municipality. In these ITS-based transportation applications, Blockchain technology is used to protect against cyber-attacks on the data of intelligent signalised intersections, average speed corridors, parking violation detection, and red-light violation detection systems. Additionally, this research focuses on the secure sharing of the transportation Big Data with third parties based on the step-by-step monitoring of data transfer history. In the context of this project, the first step is to propose a framework that is based on the technology of Blockchain. Then, a platform was developed with the objective to enable the authentication, validation, monitoring, and protection of information and to address the emerging challenges in the field of transportation systems.

This publication deals with the evaluation of forecasting the emissions of ships operating in the port through neural networks. Analyzed particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5, PM10, TSP) emissions from ships at various parts of the port. The research is based on usage of AIS system data, the technical database of the ship, the ambient air measurement data and the ambient air pollution measuring data for the use of neural network training. Results showed that trained neuronal networks could be sufficiently accurate (the correlation coefficient amounted from 0.82 to 0.92 depending on pollutant) to use for ship operating in the port emissions evaluation.

The paper is devoted to the development of environmentally safe avgas compositions with low content of tetraethyl lead. Modern trends in global avgas production and consumption are shown, along with tendencies in restriction of tetraethyl lead use for anti-knock properties improvement. The main methods of avgas octane number rising are shown, among which are introduction of high-octane hydrocarbons, oxygenated compounds and anti-knock additives. The influence of individual hydrocarbons on octane number is studied. It is found that blending alkylate, isopentane, isooctane and benzene with based improves octane number by 2–4 units. Similar tendency is found for blending base gasoline with anti-knock additives. Combination of high-octane hydrocarbons and anti-knock additives has allowed to improve octane number of avgas up to 6 units. Basing on these components new compositions of avgas were developed.

Particulate Matter is one of the harmful exhaust emissions that effect both environment and human health. Various universities and research centers often estimate the level of Particulate Matter through the smoke levels. For more than 3 decades, researchers are trying to validate the existing correlation between Particulate Matter emissions and exhaust smoke levels. While the measuring principles of both pollutants follow similar principles, the cost and operation associated with them are widely different. Instruments that measure Particulate emissions that are released from the engine exhaust are very valuable because of their high cost, unavailability of skilled technicians and maintenance of equipment. While some proposed that dark substance from the exhaust and on smoke filter is because of the presence of the primary component of the particulate matter, soot, others proved it with results of their experiments. In this article, we will study the research results that prove the existing correlation between the both. It is observed that the particulate matter and smoke opacity follow a linear relationship.

Research focuses on secondary heat sources utilization of medium speed Wartsila power plants in 25–100% load range due to the new restrictions of the marine transport CO2 emissions by IMO Energy Efficiency Design Index requirement. The uncertainty of cogeneration cycle implementation to marine transport arises in the configuration of the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) rational operation due to the energy potential change accordingly to high and low temperature heat sources in the power plant load modes. The research involves numerical programming energy performance studies of the ORC system by Klaipeda University, identifying and comparing rational ORC configuration options, alternatively connecting exhaust gas, engine cooling system and scavenge air heat sources in cycle, to achieve maximum efficiency and performance with respect to the outboard water conditions, load modes of power plant and selected working fluid. First phase of the study the implementation strategy of the cogeneration cycle by regulating working fluid flow in the wide load range of the power plant. Second phase is main emphasis of the study, where alternative heat source variations such as scavenge air and cooling jacket and their by-pass options were evaluated to the cycle at the nominal load of the power plant for the rational implementation for marine transport. The plant efficiency increases by 4% when only scavenge air heat source is used in cogeneration cycle. Significant increase of generated power and efficiency up to 11% is noticed when all heat sources are included in the cycle. Generated power with all heat sources reaches 1,676 kW, while using only exhaust gas heat it reaches 830 kW which is significant. Though lower temperature heat sources can decrease efficiency of the cycle depending of the ambient conditions of outboard water temperatures and working fluid selection, to evaluate impact rational and alternative heat source options for the specific load modes further researches are required. The main diesel engine coefficient of performance with cogeneration systems improved from 4% using only scavenge air and by 11% using all three heat sources. Considering the received results, further studies of cogeneration with secondary heat sources are needed for more rational results in specific load modes and various ambient conditions.

More than 10% of emissions from the European transport sector are accounted by maritime transport sector. Due to climate change problem, to reduce the emissions of GHG in maritime transport sector one of the promising solutions is to use ammonia. However, the properties of ammonia are very different from those of petroleum-based fuel (higher auto-ignition temperature, lower calorific value, lower flame propagation speed), therefore this complicates ammonia usage in diesel cycle. This publication presents initial stage results of innovative research in Lithuania. The essential goal is to analyze the main features of ammonia combustion cycle of CI engine by evaluating its properties based on research data available in literature to simulate the combustion cycle of a dual ammonia – diesel fuel mixture, and to optimize it using the multi-zone “AVL FIRE” software mathematical model which is based on chemical kinetics principle. The change in ecological and energetic parameters compared to a diesel cycle is also determined. When using ammonia in a diesel engine, the ignition duration increases which leads to a lower cylinder pressure, temperature, and a series of environmental and efficiency parameters deterioration. Also, depending on the boundary conditions of ICE combustion cycle, one of the most harmful exhaust components nitrogen oxides NOx increase intensively in individual cases. However, one of the essential prospects of ammonia is a significant reduction of CO2. Therefore, the ongoing scientific project of Klaipeda University studies physical processes of ammonia combustion cycle in ICE to identify its rational execution conditions and to implement technological combustion cycle optimization principles for rational use in ship power plants.

The transport sector generates almost 25% of European greenhouse gas emissions and is the city’s leading cause of air pollution. Almost 90% of urban dwellers in the European Union are exposed to harmful levels of air pollutants. Around 95% of vehicles on European roads still use fossil fuels. The transport policy of the European Union aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20% by 2030 and by 60% by 2050 compared to 1990 values. One of the means of achieving these goals is the use of electric cars. This article aims to process the current state of passenger and small freight electric vehicles registered in the Slovak Republic and to compare them with other countries. This article proposes measures that would support electromobility in Slovakia. These proposals are based on an analysis of weaknesses in legislation, taxes, and fees. Currently, several forms of electromobility support are used. They aim to overcome obstacles preventing the successful implementation of electromobility in practice. These are direct subsidies for electric vehicles or relief from taxes and fees. Individual governments or self-governments also provide non-financial benefits to motivate residents to use electric cars largely.

Spark ignition engines are still widely used in transport and natural gas could be a great alternative to conventional fuels. This article presents the combustion characteristics of natural gas at various engine speeds (2,000, 2,500 and 3,000 rpm) obtained by experiment and numerical simulations using AVL BOOST. The rate of heat release can be obtained from measured cylinder pressure curves. The influence of variable valve timing was determined by changing the angle of intake valve closing while the engine was running at the stoichiometric air-fuel mixture at fixed spark timing and the throttle angle.

The rapid increase in the number of fossil fuel vehicles in recent decades has led to stricter standards for their environmental safety, carbon dioxide emissions and fuel efficiency. Advances in the production technologies of the internal combustion engine (ICE) and systems that ensure its operation have led to a significant reduction in emissions of harmful substances with exhaust gases. Meanwhile, increasing the thermal efficiency of the internal combustion engine without significantly increasing production and operating costs is an urgent task and one of the priority areas of scientific research in this field. The article considers the most rational schemes for the recovery of thermal energy of exhaust gases, which ensure the minimization of operating costs of the vehicle. The implementation of the proposed system of complex energy-efficient disposal is evaluated taking into account the expectations of compliance with the requirements for emissions of harmful substances with exhaust gases during the operation of the vehicle.

The research assesses and compares the technological possibilities to capture the greenhouse gas emissions on marine transport power plans generated exhaust gas emissions in order to minimize carbon emissions release into the atmosphere. The research determinates that a few different principal technologies are available for CO2 capture on energy plants: pre-combustion capture, post-combustion capture and the oxyfuel solution. According to the outlook the emission from Maritime industry by 2050 will increase in-between 50 and 250 percent and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) goal is to minimize the greenhouse has emission generation at least 50% by 2050 towards Paris climate agreement policy. The LNG fuel allows vessels to comply with Tier II/Tier III regulations where from the view of long perspective range the LNG serves as a transition fuel. The resolution of carbon intensity indicator (CII) MEPC.328(76) was introduced as a new vessels’ efficiency measure standard. According to established standard from 01st of January 2023 all ships will require to present their annual operational carbon intensity indicator (CII) and CII rating. The low-class vessels accordingly will be encouraged by authorities to introduce action measures to improve cargo handling efficiency level therefore the introduced grading will likewise force shipowners to revise technological availabilities to retrofit vessels into more efficient. The situation in maritime sector towards carbon emission minimization has led Klaipeda University to establish research to analyses and compare technological solutions which would benefit to maritime transport sector to comply with introduced regulations. The publication represents the first stage research results of available carbon capture technologies.

The article focuses on the issue of electric cars, with an emphasis on possible accidents and related dangers and threats. Vehicles with an alternative energy source have been on the rise in recent years. The article briefly provides an overview of the current state and forecasts of the development of these vehicles. Subsequently, the technological elements of vehicles with electric drive are evaluated. The supporting part of the article is the identification of scenarios of electric car accident events, which also defines their possible consequences and causes. The article deals with scenarios of accident events - vehicle fire, complete sinking of the vehicle, rescue of persons and battery damage caused by fire. It also includes a numerical part where, based on an expert estimate for the probability of occurrence, significance and prevention of an accident, the risk level of the accident scenario was determined. The part is dedicated to the special solution of possible accident events from the point of view of rescue units. In the article are procedures for dealing with accidents with an emphasis on the danger and threat resulting from these events are established.

It is known that a significant role in regulating the process of interaction of the binder with mineral surfaces belongs to mineral powder. Due to the highly developed specific surface area, the mineral powder helps to increase the number of contacts between the structure-forming components of asphalt concrete. The main purpose of mineral powder is to transfer the binder from a bulk state to a film state. In this state, the binder acquires increased characteristics, which, thanks to the stabilizing action of the mineral powder, change less under the influence of temperature. Together with the binder, the mineral powder forms a structured dispersed system that acts as an asphalt binder. The greater the specific surface of the mineral powder, the greater its structuring effect on the binder and asphalt concrete. The purpose of this work was to determine the degree of mineral powders impact, depending on their chemical-geological composition, on the asphalt-polymer concrete properties and to reveal the differences between the features of asphalt concrete and asphalt-polymer concrete.

The paper indicates the frequent occurrence of transient states in hydraulic systems. Particular attention was paid to the phenomenon of water hammer - the causes and effects of this phenomenon. The necessity to modify the theoretical description of this phenomenon was indicated. The work focuses on the presentation of the development of the structure of experimental stands to study the phenomenon of water hammer. The research results obtained on the presented experimental stands were used to verify the theoretical considerations presented in other papers by the authors. The presented successive concepts of the test stand enable the research to be carried out to a greater extent and at the same time eliminate the disadvantages of the previous versions of the test stand. The stand presented as the final one also allows the testing of transients in hydraulic lines for various types of working fluid (oil, emulsion, distilled water).

An experimental investigation of operational degradation of the low carbon steel long-term operated under combined cyclic loading and environmental actions was carried out. The steel in different states, after 30-year operation under tensile and compressive cyclic loading and unloading one, the reference steel, was studied. The degradation degree of the post-operated steel was evaluated by mechanical, electrochemical and corrosion fatigue testing. A significant decrease in impact toughness, plasticity and corrosion resistance of the operated steel, compared to these characteristics of the reference steel, was revealed. The residual hydrogen concentration in the operated steel was significantly higher than in the reference steel. The environmental acceleration effect on crack growth rate was not revealed for the reference steel. However, fatigue crack growth rate in the operated metal was accelerated in the environment simulating acid rainwater in industrial region.

The paper is a continuation of ongoing research focused on evaluation of the magnitude of passenger car body roll (around longitudinal axis) and pitch (around transverse axis) for slalom and braking manoeuvres. Data from experimental runs will be compared with numerical simulation of a passage of the modelled vehicle. In the previous output, the authors performed an analysis of the current state along with presenting the most relevant kinematic parameters that affect the dynamic behaviour of the vehicle and described the simulation tool used. Furthermore, they carried out measurements and put forward the results of the measured kinematic parameters of the vehicle (Alfa Romeo 156) that is intended for the simulations. In the current work, they set out to describe other important wheel geometry parameters in the theoretical part and in the practical part to monitor the characteristics of a wheel camber alteration in the course of the vertical test of axle. The findings resulting from this work are particularly essential for the development companies when observing comparable kinematic parameters. A predictive nature of the program will allow the authors in future work to simulate vehicle braking with different deceleration input values, which would be problematic in the case of real braking.

In this paper, the efficiency of the anti-lock braking system (ABS) during an emergency braking in a turn was examined. Analysis of the paper reviews various modules and algorithms which are used in modern ABS systems, also relevant vehicle’s dynamic properties and mathematical models. Experiments of vehicle braking in a turn were performed under different road conditions and two generations of ABS systems. Additional analysis was made on behalf of the influence of driver behaviour in situations of emergency braking with cornering. It was found that the force applied to the braking pedal and its moment (according to moment of steering) affects the manoeuvring of the vehicle when ABS is engaged or disengaged. Vehicle’s lateral acceleration is up to 40% higher with ABS active because driver do not have to precisely dose the braking force (part of ABS), therefore he is more involved in course change; however, from vehicle dynamics point of view the sequence of braking and steering actions is still important for safe obstacle avoidance during emergency braking.

Modern vehicles more and more often have a specific life cycle, presented in years or with the possibility of going through a certain mileage without failure. For this purpose, manufacturers perform a series of tests, to confirm the reliability of their products. One of such tests is an accelerated durability test, with the use of modern simulation stands that imitate road conditions.This article presents the methodology of durability tests for commercial vehicles, using the eight poster, inertia reacted, road simulator MTS 320. The first step is to collect reference road data. For this purpose, the vehicle is equipped with a set of sensors. Gathered data was recreated on the road simulator. Authors prove the convergence of the obtained results, in comparison to the data collected from the road, at the level of up to 99% of root mean square value of the reference signals to the reconstructed signals. Tests are performed for loaded and unloaded vehicles. The result of the test is to confirm the reliability of the manufactured vehicle. During the test, the supporting structure of the vehicle with suspension as well as the functional reliability of the vehicle are assessed. Moreover, the key issue is to correctly determine the duration of the test and to set test parameter values.The development of this test technology is response to the need, to quickly and reliably check vehicles or their components, before implementing them into serial production.

The article is a continuation of the ongoing research of an engineering design of a mini-electric bicycle. The previous outputs include the detailed legislation in individual countries and a historical overview of the development of bicycles. This current study is focused on the description of an engineering design of a frame of a bicycle with respect of the method of designing and safety as the most important requirement for any structure. The main goal of the authors is to design a bicycle with respecting all legislation demands in a particular country and to provide a possibility to assembly such a transport mean self-help in home conditions without lengthy information retrieval. Due to the range of the solved problem, this research presents a simulation of driving regime, namely sitting of a passenger on a bicycle without considering additional loads. The solved structural unit can be included to the competition environment, which is proven by calculated and analysed parameters needed for a proper choose of normalized components.

The article considers the problem of the reliability of semitrailer truck. The results of processing statistical data on the workability of semitrailer trucks due to a malfunction of the brake system are presented. Data processing was carried out according to the operating data of the world’s leading companies VOLVO and MERCEDES - BENZ (truck), as well as Schmitz, Kögel, Krone (semitrailer). The results of processing the data on the brake pads wear of the truck’s disc brakes are presented. The mass of friction material resulting from the wear of brake pads, calculated per millimeter of worn-out pads and kilometer run of a semitrailer truck, has been determined. An expert assessment and ranking of factors affecting the wear of the friction pair “brake dick - pad” of the road train was carried out. A technical solution for the abrasive particles capture that occurs during braking is proposed. This system can be used on all vehicles with disc brakes.

This paper presents the results on the modification in the areas of design and material of the internal gear pump sickle insert. The modification relies on making a cut in the sickle insert. As a result, the insert raceways are pressed against the tooth tips of the gear wheels. Due to the introduced radial compensation, the discharge flow rate falls less as the discharge pressure increases. The test stand and the measurement results are respectively presented. Friction resistances between the gear wheel material and the insert materials were measured for selected pump operating parameters. The tested materials were found to differ in their friction resistance. The differences were confirmed by shaft torque measurements taken while the pump was running. The results of the investigations indicate the direction for further research with an aim of creating an optimal insert which meets the requirements for a prototype pump with enhanced capacity at higher discharge pressures.

Suspension keeps the wheels of the vehicle in contact with the road surface, dampens various vibrations that arise due to road surface irregularities and ensures adequate control of the vehicle. The performance of the suspension is directly related to shock absorbers, which are an integral part of the suspension. As there are many options of various aftermarket shock absorbers, quality and price are the main factors that define the driver’s choice. However, the main question is how different can the same aftermarket monotube shock absorbers be, which were designed for a specific vehicle, but were manufactured by different brands? To answer this question, further described research presents the experimental analysis and comparison of damping characteristics of the same aftermarket monotube shock absorbers, which were manufactured by different brands. During the analysis, in total, 8 completely new shock absorbers manufactured by 4 different brands were compared, and the effects of the initial shock absorber temperature were also taken into account.

In this article was described the methodology for the experimental study of flows in the prototype of a satellite hydraulic motor with a rotating body. The experimental tests of the motor were carried out at a low constant rotational speed in a wide range of pressure drop in this motor. The constant rotational speed of the motor was kept by a worm gear. Based on the test results, the leakage characteristics in the flat gaps of the curvature, satellites and in the commutation unit gaps were determined. The test results also allowed to evaluate the correct operation of the commutation unit and the compensation unit of axial clearances of the curvature and satellites in the working mechanism of the motor.

The work shall analyse the impact of the car body structure on passive safety. The methods for determining the Energy Equivalent Speed (EES) parameter and its relationship with the assessment of the impact velocity shall also be reviewed. Computer simulation of the LS DYNA programme according to the given conditions and calculations of the CRASH 3 software according to the resulting residual deformations shall be carried out to determine the values of the EES parameter. Simulations and calculations are performed using a speed of 50 km/h and a collision with 100% and 50% car body overlap.

The strict requirements in order to optimize the fuel consumption of vehicles thus reducing the emission of greenhouse gases, force manufacturers focus on structural optimization during the development of new type prototypes. The stresses and deformations of the main member of frame and tank which occur during operation under cyclic loads were researched. The review of scientific articles that examine the construction of truck semi-trailer frames and their research, the use of new materials in the automotive industry, and the phenomenon of liquid sloshing and researches done on this subject. The dual-phase 1.4162 (DUPLEX) steel was used for tank while the frame structure made of 1.4404 (316L) stainless steel, 1.4162 (DUPLEX) dual-phase steel, 6063-T6 aluminum alloy and S235JR black steel. The research methodology has been developed to assess the stresses, strains and critical points in the structure where is a high probability of cracking during operation. Results were gathered using ANSYS software and the most suitable material for the main member of frame was recommended.

The development of the road and transport network is an extremely powerful source of various environmental hazards for natural environments and people in particular. The paper considers the problem of determining the load of petroleum products (PP) on the roadside space soil, which is created by the operation of the road. This indicator is necessary for the search and design of highways taking into account environmental consequences, namely, determination of their maximum carrying capacity, monitoring of urban areas, ecological studies of technologically loaded roadside areas and formalization of the results of these studies in mathematical models, etc. The calculation method was developed on the basis of laboratory and field research data. The procedure for determining the real load of PP on the roadside space involves taking two soil samples in the roadside area to determine the current concentration of PP in one sample and establishing the self-cleaning characteristics of this type of soil during the incubation of the second sample in an ecologically clean zone free from the technogenic influence of the highway. The obtained experimental data are used to calculate the real load on the soil of the roadside space of the PP, which is created by the operation of the highway, with the help of which a balance equation was developed.

One of the advanced research directions to reduce the cost of road construction is the production of hot recycled asphalt concrete mixes based on milled asphalt concrete, which is formed by cutting off layers of asphalt concrete pavement, with the addition of plastic fibers obtained from household plastic waste. This combination of recycled materials enables not only to obtain an economic effect from reducing the cost of purchasing new road construction materials, but also to improve the environmental situation through household waste disposal.

The article presents the results of measurements obtained during durability tests of large-size vehicles. During the durability tests, the correlation between the acceleration obtained under the semi-trailer wheel, on the axis and on the suspension of the bracket and at the place of attachment of the pneumatic suspension cushion was checked. Measurements were carried out using single-axle induction accelerators. The tests were carried out for an unloaded and fully loaded semi-trailer with a load of 26 tons. For analysis of the results, in each test three road profiles controlling the operation of pneumatic actuators were generated at the MTS durability stand. The statistical and Auto Spectrum Density (ASD) frequency analysis were carried out. The presented results indicate 10 times greater accelerations registered under the semi-trailer wheel on the unsprung actuator plate. Acceleration obtained on the axis accounts for 30–65% of the acceleration value registered under the semi-trailer wheel. Basic frequencies for the semi -trailer axis and other suspension elements have been determined. As a result of the frequency analysis in the range up to 50 Hz, no frequencies characteristic of the plate under the semi-trailer wheel were found. The obtained results will be used to build an analytical model of the semi -trailer suspension specifying the damping coefficients for its individual elements.

Drilling cuttings are toxic for the environment (III-IV hazard class) due to the drilling mud used and initial properties of the drilled rock. One of the promising areas is the processing of drilling cuttings to obtain a mixture that is non-toxic and can be used for road construction. Road design requires calculation of a number of parameters which provide durability, reliability, and frost resistance. The road layers made of drilling cuttings must efficiently resist shear stress and fractures in the pavement.One of the main indicators that must be met in the road design is water consumptions. This indictor is closely related to the frost resistance of road pavement. The less water consumption is the more cycles of freezing and thawing the road pavement will endure. In this study, by mixing the drilling cuttings and special additives, the mixture of drilling slime-cement was obtained which after curing successfully endures the atmosphere influence. In this paper, the most optimal compositions of slime-cement with the use of lime and hydrophobic additives for the layers of pavement are presented. The influence of cement, lime, and hydrophobic additives on the strength and water absorption of slime-cement was investigated experimentally. Using the STATISTICA software package, the values of the factors when the maximum strength and minimum water absorption are achieved are specified. The conclusions provide quantitative indicators based on the results of these studies.

This paper presents a prototype design of an axial piston pump with displaced swash plate axis of rotation in two directions of discharge with electronic control intended for installation on a hydraulic-mechanical gearbox dedicated to working machines. The effect of displacement of the swash plate rotation axis on dead space volume and volumetric efficiency is presented. The construction and principle of operation of the capacity change mechanism and the delivery direction change mechanism are described. The design and hydraulic diagram of the pump are presented.

High fidelity models are a good point to start investigation or design process. These models can be used to determine main parameters, to state its ranges ant to set an equilibrium between the parameters. Using these type models together with sensitivity analysis it is possible to make a clear picture about the problem on which the research is focussing. An application of such analysis presented in this paper. Some specific four input parameters of simplified physical system are selected to show variation of a few system outputs. Input parameter set is generated using Monte Carlo method. Article is summarized with the results and conclusions, which shows method and parameters influence to simulation results.

In the paper results of experimental tests on a multi-disc wet clutch are presented. Typical, single-sided multi-disc wet clutch was analysed. Experimentally obtained data present torque capacity of the clutch with varying number of friction surfaces. The results are also compared to characteristics obtained based on several known mathematical models. It was found that differences between most of known models describing torque transmitted by clutches and experimental results are considerable. The best correspondence between model and experiment was reached for Bąk’s model. Nevertheless, differences between the model and data gained via experiment might differ substantially i.e., characteristic of proposed model are mostly shifted upwards in relation to experimental characteristics. The paper also includes a brief description of a test stand and its scheme. The article presents also a figure which contains diagrams presenting all characteristics as functions of average contact pressure on friction surfaces.

The article shortly describes the design and principle of operation of the hydromechanical gearbox and presents the methodology and design of test stands used for testing hydromechanical prototype gearbox developed at Technical University of Gdansk. The article presents an approach according to which, in order to obtain reliable measurement data, it is necessary to separate the tests of the hydraulic and mechanical parts of the gearbox. For this reason, the tests of the pump and the hydraulic motor are also presented. To validate this approach sample test results are included and discussed.

In recent years, we have very often encountered increasing accident statistics where pedestrians are involved in traffic accidents. These collisions between pedestrians and vehicles are often associated with inattention on the part of the pedestrians and, from the drivers’ point of view, the reason was insufficient attention to driving the vehicle. Pedestrians are among the most vulnerable road users. Compared to other types of traffic accidents, traffic accidents involving motor vehicles and pedestrians are specific in that, even at relatively low impact speeds, relatively serious injuries or even death can occur. The analysis of traffic accidents involving the most vulnerable road users is of particular social importance. The paper deals with the use of simulation programs in the analysis of an accident event. In the analysis of the accident event, a mathematical graphic analysis of the mutual positions of vehicles and pedestrian by means of 3D visualization, the driving technique of vehicle drivers and the possibilities of avoiding a traffic accident, are evaluated.

As part of expert evidence, in proceedings on traffic accidents, the basic basis for the analysis of the accident scene is the scene of the traffic accident, where vehicles and other participants in the traffic accident leave various traces. For example, according to the extent and nature of damage to vehicles and injuries to road users, it is possible to determine the nature of the collision and the approximate impact speed of the vehicle. Traffic accident analysts (forensic experts) perform accident scene analysis, where they assess the origin and causes of traffic accidents, evaluate driving techniques, determine the possibilities of avoiding a traffic accident, etc. For the calculation of various movement quantities of the accident event (calculation models), they use various application, mathematical simulation programs to determine the origin and course of the accident event. The paper deals with the analysis of an accident event in the configuration of vehicle - motorcycle - pedestrian, which occurred in the urban area of the village, on a road with a high frequency of pedestrians. In addition to the graphical analysis of the course of the accident in the PC-Crash simulation program (version 13.1), the driver’s driving technique and pedestrian movement are evaluated. At the same time, the possibilities of averting traffic accidents on the part of individual road users are determined.

Nowadays the principles of traditional business are obsolete and require new, more efficient ways of working. By integrating information technology into traditional business processes, the boundaries of the organization are constantly expanding, a wider range of target customers is brought together, and operational efficiency is improved. Every company needs to use information technology in its day-to-day operations to stay competitive. Companies offering transportation services expect more customers, a better quality of service, and shorter working hours. However, a problem arises when unsuitable the application of business principles hinders the activities of many transport companies and reduces development opportunities. The objective of this article is to evaluate the tendencies of improving the activity of transportation companies. To achieve this objective the main tasks are formed: to analyze the theoretical aspects of transportation activities to perform an analysis of the activities of Lithuanian transportation companies; to provide ways to improve transportation performance and to assess opportunities. The following research methods are used: analysis of scientific literature, analysis of statistical data, SWOT analysis, and forecasting method.

The expediency and problems of gradual transition of Ukrainian railways to the 1435 mm standard of normal track gauge are discussed, due to the experience of Russian aggression and war against Ukraine, the need to strengthen its defence capabilities in the future, closer integration of its transport system with TEN-T and the need to attract additional volumes of transit of goods by rail of partner countries on the Caspian-Black Sea intermodal route between China and the EU.The first stage of the transition to the normal track width is the implementation of the Ukrainian high-speed railway project from the Black Sea ports to the western border of Ukraine with Poland and the connection of this HSR with the TEN-T network, including the Rail Baltica project.The options of interaction between railway systems of 1435 mm and 1520 mm in Ukraine are discussed. A basic mathematical model is proposed for comparison of the options for technological solutions.

The work examines the methodology of forming organizational principles for the maintenance of foreign trade cargo flows in international transport and logistics systems, characterizes the features of creating consolidated consignments of cargo in infrastructure nodes, simulates the transport maintenance of cargo flows using the main theoretical provisions of mass service systems, proposes mathematical models for determining system indicators under the conditions random demand for transport and commercial services. The peculiarities of the functioning of production structures in systems with batch receipt of service requirements are analyzed, the possibility of implementing the developed provisions for the coordination of management decisions regarding the maintenance of foreign trade cargo flows is substantiated.

This research used the Manchester Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ) to analyze the driving behaviour of a group of a sample of drivers (N = 400) in Amman, the capital of Jordan. An Online Survey was distributed to respondents who accepted to take a part in this research. Out of 50 questions, 20 questions were selected according to the nature of the Jordanian drivers and the questionnaire consisted of two parts, general characteristics of driver and questions about driving behavior. The results of socio-demographic revealed that there were 242 males and 158 females, the largest age group was 19–34 years, and the majority of respondents reported (0–3) injuries in the last three years. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) instrument analysis by Promax with Kaiser Normalization assessed four factors solution (lapses, (deliberately and ordinary) violation and errors). The largest number of items was observed to be correlated with errors in this current sample. Additional analysis showed the potential of certain elements (seven items) to predict injuries through a forecasting model, especially because most of these behaviors are unsafe and their actions lead to collisions. By comparing the average scores, Jordanian drivers were found to have received the lowest scores of Qatari and Emirati drivers, and a similarity was found in the traffic culture between Jordan and Qatar. The main findings of this paper showed the ability of DBQ to analyze the behavior of Jordanian drivers on the road.

Military operations in the land based operating environment are linked to land-based communications – roads. Roads are essential for the strategic and operational mobility of units. Bridges, in terms of military requirements, are an exposed part of the roads and significantly affect the use of existing transport infrastructure. For this reason, the research problem represents the impact of the condition of bridges with a military load capacity of at least 60 tons of the road network of the Slovak Republic on military mobility in the territory of the Slovak Republic. The aim of the research is to identify the impact of the technical condition of bridges on the military mobility of military forces in the territory of the Slovak Republic. The first part of the paper is focused on defining the extent of the necessary military mobility in the conditions of the Slovak Republic, with regard to the potential requirements for the implementation of transfers and transports to the eastern border of NATO. In the second part, the article is focused on the evaluation of the current technical condition of Slovak Republic road network bridges.

In order to ensure the concept of green logistics, the aim is to automate all processes, to move them to the electronic space, etc., thus moving closer to e-logistics. However, today's current situation is a good reminder of the fact that online space is a place where fake news is widespread and can cause a significant damage not only to individuals, but also to companies. This article analyses the following at the theoretical level: the concept of fake news and the preconditions for its emergence, the types and characteristics of fake news, the purposes of its use and its possible sources. The practical part presents the results of quantitative studies carried out in 2020 and 2022 seeking to assess how people working in the logistics sector deal with fake news, whether they manage to spot it, etc. The study found that people working in this sector do not have sufficient skills to identify fake news and that companies should pay more attention to educating their employees on this issue.

With NATO's increasing requirements for greater mobility of all ground forces the importance of engineer support to troops is also growing. One of the most debated issues in military operations is the provision of military movements, not only of national but especially of coalition forces in support of the host nation. Infrastructure inadequate to technical parameters of military means is one of the main identified problems in the area of mobility support and redeployment. The article focuses on a partial part of the Host Nations Support issue in relation to the movement ensuring of military vehicles on the territory of the Czech Republic. The paper analyses the possibilities of mobility support by the engineer troops of the Army of the Czech Republic and the paper also deals with the road network and road infrastructure on the territory of the Czech Republic. The proposal section of paper is divided into two parts. The first one suggests a unit that would be predestined to support the movement in our territory. In the second part, sections of the road network suitable for use in the movement of troops through the Czech Republic are proposed.

Nowadays, transportation is a globally powerful and significant and beneficial process for the whole world. Transport plays an important role in to-day’s economy and society and has a large impact on growth and employment in Lithuania. With logistics industry the transport sector accounted for about 15% of GDP in 2019. At the beginning of 2021 this industry has been employing around 139 thousand persons or 15% of the total employment. 8.479 enterprises were active in the industry at the beginning of 2021 and 99% of them were small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with 1‒249 persons employed [1].The article presents the analysis of the scientific literature on traffic flow management, identifies problem areas, analyzes the traffic flow management in Vil-nius city, presents the research, which identifies the problem areas of traffic flow management and suggests possible solutions.

Character of China modern supply chain circumstance accentuated, essential value logistics features outlined. Principally the main attention in research issues are focused on concept of empirical analysis of China logistics value, the criteria for evaluation the technological development supply chain management and economic impact assessment for a dynamic system, compilation of a survey questionnaire procurement processes specialists, identification respondents groups, monitoring SWOT and PESTL analysis production chain process, investigation analysis distribution systems documents, mathematical statistical study value chain MANOVA research and evaluation of logistics management strategic business trends. Findings and contribution of this article presented, outlined that East Asia value chain transportation management in the supply chain transportation system is very important topic for future research analysis. It is found that value chain transportation management is a flexible and in high level organized in their different logistics processes.

Problems of energy consumption are of great importance in all sectors of our life, including transport. This is evident just in the current situation in Europe. Road and rail transport belongs to major consumers of oil products, which causes extensive pressure on the environment, in particular by emissions produced directly by vehicles with internal combustion engines or indirectly in case of electric traction vehicles. Various parameters of different transport modes were compared for passenger transport using diesel engines were compared in this article. Power consumption and travel time belong to the main factors influencing selection of transport mode. In the study, the comparison was performed by calculation of travel times, energy consumption and CO2 emissions for road and rail vehicles used in selected regions in Slovakia. Inputs to the calculations were based on real data, although not all factors acting in real operation could have been considered.

The growth of international trade and the development of business enterprises are inseparable processes of the development of the modern economy, promoting through their functioning more active integration of different countries, cooperation of various enterprises with each other, and optimization of common processes. There is a movement of products throughout the world taking place every day. Some goods arrive in the country, and other goods leave. The majority of the imported and exported goods are accompanied by customs procedures such as import, transit, and export declarations, which are beneficial to the states. This not only allows to increase the competitiveness of international companies in the global market but also, provides an opportunity to develop links of cooperation and raise the level of the country’s economy. Given the importance of the development of international trade, it is also worth analyzing the simplification and integration of customs processes to facilitate existing operations and bring added value to the end-user. Along with simplifying customs procedures, it is necessary to analyse the importance of cooperation in the logistics sector. This article aims to present the impact of the logistics companies’ cooperation with third-party logistics (3 PL) companies by analyzing the possibilities of improving customs processes. The study utilizes the analysis of scientific sources and qualitative and quantitative research methods.

Changes in passenger traffic and the choice of vehicle affect the country’s environment, economic and social situation, as well as the operating costs of the transport infrastructure. Rail transport is more environmentally friendly (the CO2 footprint of a train passenger per kilometre is about 14 g CO2), more economical than road transport (the CO2 footprint of a car passenger varies between 42 and 158 g/km, depending on the performance of the car and the number of passengers), but it is still inferior to it in terms of popularity (comparing them, in Lithuania only 10.41% cent (1st quarter of 2022) of passengers chose the railway, comparing the data of passenger traffic in 2019 with 2013, an increase of only about 13% is recorded). The aim of the article is to identify the dynamics of railway passenger traffic, the determining factors and make future forecasts. After carrying out a systematic and comparative analysis of the concepts published in the scientific literature, the factors determining the dynamics of railway passenger traffic have been identified. Forecasts for the year 2022 were made as a result of the empirical study. Secondary data analysis, statistical processing, correlation regression analysis, forecasting methods were used to achieve the aim.

The need for increase a military capability of the Lithuanian Armed Forces due to the increasing national threats (especially taking into consideration the latest events in Ukraine), calls for a growing number of military equipment and techniques (we do not consider explosives and ammunition). This, hypothetically, requires more storage spaces and warehousing operations, and encourage the Armed Forces to seek for a cooperation with the private sector, which, without any doubt, has more expertise and technical equipment. The potential of private sector warehousing services to meet the needs of the Lithuanian Armed Forces has not yet been fully assessed and exploited. For this reason, the main objective is to understand the nature of current relations between the Lithuanian Armed Forces and private sector providing logistics services. Using the method of systematic analysis of legal acts and documents led to the understanding of the theoretical aspects of public-private cooperation in the field of warehousing services, while application of qualitative research using a structured interview method allowed for the identification of current situation of cooperation between the Lithuanian Armed Forces and the private sector as well as identification of the reasons why private sector warehousing services have not been widely used in the Lithuanian Armed Forces. The article ends with counting the measures which would enable the use of private sector warehousing services to meet the Lithuanian Armed Forces’ needs.

Nowadays, the role of intermodal transport is increasing on the global market. This transport should be developed efficiently considering the customers’ needs, as well as possibilities of services providers. Therefore, innovations are introduced in different areas of this transport to improve its operation, increase entrepreneurship of companies, and meet clients’ expectations. The article aims to investigate the areas of intermodal freight transport development. The case study of Polish market dealing with intermodal transport operation was examined. The areas of innovations development in intermodal transport have been identified. The questionnaire was created, and survey was carried out among intermodal transport companies’ representatives. The opinions of intermodal terminals representatives and forwarders were analyzed in detail. It was possible to create the ranking of areas considered by respondents as essential to introduce innovations in intermodal transport. The opinions of different groups of practitioners involved in intermodal transport were analyzed. Information and telematics technologies development and automation of handling processes were ranked as the most important for implementation of innovations in intermodal transport.

This article presents the solutions proposed by various authors and already implemented for the optimization of freight car flows. The functions and tasks of urban logistics, the functions and characteristics of freight transport in the urban logistics system, the problems of using heavy transport in the first and last mile and applied solutions are reviewed. After conducting a survey of experts, the main problems and optimization possibilities of the optimization of cargo transport flows in urban logistics were clarified. The results of the feasibility study of the optimization of freight road transport flows in the urban logistics system are presented.

Natural and climatic factors have a significant influence on mobility, which depends on the operational condition and durability of the street-road network and its elements, one of the main ones being surface water. As a result of the conducted research, were summarized the principles of drainage from the street and road network, which differ for open, closed and combined drainage systems. The main disadvantages of Ukraine cities surface drainage were revealed using Poltava city example. The most common are low longitudinal slope (0–5‰), an error in the intersection vertical planning execution, clogging of drainage elements (drainage well, tray, pipes), the adjacent sites slope is less than the minimum permissible, insufficient storm sewer capacity, subsidence of the pavement, drainage well above the pavement mark (subsidence of the pavement), destruction of the pavement (roadway, around the drainage well), subsidence of the pavement transverse profile, destruction of the pavement. Recommendations for improving surface water drainage from cities street and road network have been formulated: strictly adhere to surface drainage principles, and in particular, during construction, perform the designed slopes, and it is desirable to accept slopes greater than the minimum slopes of 5‰; when performing vertical design and construction, pay more attention to intersections and areas adjacent to the carriageway; apply a waterproof coating, from which water flows into the drainage system, from which it is possible to use water for irrigation; arrange water collection strips along the side stone, comply with the requirements for network elements operation, etc.

Based on the monitoring of changes in the state of reservoirs over the past 50 years, the ways of their revitalization were analyzed and proposed in order to form a full-fledged waterway and return to the lands of transport part of the Dnipro reservoirs.The Dnipro, on which a cascade of (six) reservoirs was built, forms the main element of the waterway from the Black Sea to the Baltic. But over the past 60 years, annual siltation and sedimentation of bottom sediments have significantly worsened the state of navigation on the Dnipro. Thus, depths of about three meters were formed on three sections, which makes it impossible for loaded cargo vessels to pass. The inland waterway on the Dnipro River is one of the main European integration elements of transport corridors and communications in Ukraine.During the study, the condition of six reservoirs of the Dnipro cascade and hydraulic structures on the Dnipro, changes in shorelines and depths of the lake, shore protection works, coverage of the natural entropy of the aquatic environment were analyzed.It is proposed to build alluvial and bulk peninsulas and islands, canals, which will allow, deepening the bottom of the Kamyanske, Kremenchuk and Kyiv reservoirs in the upper parts, to restore the full passage of cargo ships (barges) on silted areas. This will significantly improve the ecological condition of waters and return to economic use thousands of hectares of reclaimed land.

To compete internationally, businesses organize global strategic networks (supply chains) to provide fast, efficient, and high-quality responses to demand anywhere in the world. To respond as quickly as possible to unforeseen demand, businesses choose to adopt a responsive supply chain strategy by engaging outsourcing companies. There is still a lack of empirical research on the impact of 3PLs on supply chain responsiveness. Therefore, the question does the provision of 3PL services have a significant impact on the responsiveness of the supply chain and does it allow for the generation of additional added value for the recipient companies still needs to be answered. The objective of given article is to assess the impact of third-party logistics intermediaries on supply chain responsiveness and to propose reasonable measures to manage this impact.

The analysis of the state of development and use of intelligent decision-making support systems in road transport logistics systems has been carried out. The expediency of selecting the most efficient means of transport for executing orders of the grain crops delivery from agricultural enterprises to the grain elevator on the basis of technologies of computational intelligence has been substantiated. A method for selecting the most efficient means of transport executing orders of the grain crops delivery from agricultural enterprises to the grain elevator is proposed. It involves three stages with the use of machine-learning, in particular the grounded RF random forest model for predicting the specific fuel consumption by vehicles. The proposed method ensures that many factors of the production conditions are taken into account, allowing accurate results in the selection of efficient vehicles. On the basis of the developed method and computer model, the selection of the most efficient means of transport for executing orders of the grain crops delivery from agricultural enterprises to the elevator by the criterion of the minimum prime costs of executing the orders under given production conditions was elaborated. It has been determined that the prime costs of the execution of orders of the grain crops delivery from agricultural enterprises to the grain elevator varies in the range from 16.5 to 33.3 UAH/km. The obtained results of the researches are designed to be used by the managers of transport enterprises that organize the grain crops delivery from agricultural enterprises to the grain elevator.

Green logistics include production transportation activities. Green logistics meets the needs of meeting the minimum costs, causing what less negative impact on the environment. The article examines the concept of green logistics, green logistics indicators and green logistics marketing and its significance in a theoretical aspect. Barysienė et al. [2] and Jefimovaitė, Vienažindienė [6] notice that green logistics factors that organizations could be useful are: rejection of suppliers who do not care about environmental issues; employee training/improvement of competence; cooperation with government institutions solving problematic issues; public reports declaring the efforts and achievements of companies in solving environmental problems; cooperation with foreign countries on environmental protection issues; promotion of employee social responsibility, determined by the product designer/designer; green logistics product design; green distribution; green warehouses; green packaging. Green marketing is the result of 21st century marketing, which created conditions for the formation of specific markets and the fight against environmental problems, green product development trends. Green marketing reflects an approach to the development of organic products and the creation of new organic ones, which are beneficial not only to the environment, consumers, but also to the company itself, as it brings more profit in the long term, as the interest in organic products increases every year.

The unexpected arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic significantly affected the normal course of traffic. Public transport authorities were forced to face this situation and come up with solutions to ensure basic transport services. With the worsening epidemiological situation, the demands of the passengers themselves also changed. The mandated government measures were intended to mitigate the risk of infection in order to ensure the necessary mobility. The difficulty of implementing the measures required a quick response. Due to the constantly changing situation, the crisis team met to guide specific procedures to ensure the necessary mobility and ensure basic transport service. This article deals with the evaluation of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and government measures from the perspective of transport service providers. It aims to outline the most important areas that had an impact on mobility. The results of this article can be used in further in-depth research and applied in the next wave of the pandemic.

The development of the latest technologies shapes the values, qualities and mindset of every logistics specialist in a transport company. In order to remain competitive in the labor market, logistics specialists must constantly acquire new technological skills. The existing knowledge of the logistics specialist helps to solve the problems that arise during the work, but the unqualified technological knowledge of the logistics specialists of the transport companies disrupts the operation of the organization’s processes. Raising the competences of logistics specialists should focus on providing entrepreneurial and technical skills that would enable logistics specialists to adapt to new technologies. The growing popularity of the Internet of Things, cloud computing and other technological innovations make it easier to manage software, so digital and technical skills are becoming an integral part of the operations of transport companies. The article analyzes the main criteria of technological literacy competence of logistics specialists of transport companies, which should be developed in the future.

The air transport industry is characterized by the consequences of the speedy and momentous impacts of surrounding actions and economic and social changes. An airport hub serves as a center point that connects everyone and everything. Because they protect the financial interests of airlines and satisfy the connectivity requirements of both passengers and cargo, hubs continue to play a significant role in aviation. An efficient hub airport with enough extra space will increase passenger options and encourage airline competition by allowing additional competitors, routes, and frequencies. The airport networks need to apply the developed management and use its features to try to arrive at the optimum results and used its facilities such as: (geographical, capital, the ability for multi-model transports, ready to apply with the future technology, ready to welcome the companies such as FedEx and DHL, applying e-airport with e-airline with e- freight with e-AWB). This helps to achieve maximum growth and to be able to face rapid growth. Future airport networks need to reach all sites, so they should employ several different transmission technologies. Accordingly, this paper aims to compare the competitiveness of the busiest hub in each continent or region in 2019 for cargo and passengers which will be Hong Kong airport (HKIA) for Asia, Frankfurt hub (Fraport) for Europe, in Africa Addis Ababa air hub (ADD) and Cairo international airport hub (CAI), while for middle east will be Dubai airport (DXB).

The following article examines the problem of technological development of transport companies and how it is connected with marketing in supply chain management and the use of technological development as one of the tools to ensure the competitiveness of transport companies. Modern supply chains of transport companies receive an enormous flow of information, consequently, their management and marketing applications cannot be completed without the availability and use of information technologies and telecommunications. Based on the analysis of literature sources, an expert assessment questionnaire was formed and prepared with the concepts of actions and explanations, as well as a compilation of possible expert interviewees. During the structural analysis of the technological development of the companies, the components of the technological development process of the transport company in the supply chain and the determining factors that influence the technological development of the transport company in marketing in the supply chain are identified. In addition, an expert assessment questionnaire is made according to the selected quality criteria. After processing the data of the expert survey, the criteria are arranged and the research results are presented. Conclusions and suggestions are presented at the end of the article.

The protection of soft targets has recently come to the interest of a range of experts, government organizations, and companies. This is happening in relation to current developments in the security situation. Ensuring the protection of soft targets is the primary interest of all the entities involved. For establishing effective protection, it is, however, necessary to correctly recognize which element could be attacked i.e. which can be identified as a soft target. The basis for identifying a soft target is its definition, which is however not precisely defined and is perceived differently by different experts. In view of this fact, there is no specific process for identifying soft targets in railway infrastructure. At the same time, it is visible from history that railway transport becomes a target for terrorist attacks. This article, therefore, focuses on the possibility of identifying soft targets in railway infrastructure. The first part gives some results of analysis of possible approaches and criteria for identifying soft goals, focusing on the area of railway infrastructure. On the basis of the results of the analysis, criteria are subsequently determined and a process for identification of soft targets in railway infrastructure is proposed. This method allows assessors to gain the list of railway stations, which are classified into two categories of soft targets.

The use of on-board energy storage on a locomotive for rail quarry transport is considered. Three scenarios of energy consumption in the power supply of traction electric drive and auxiliary locomotive systems using on-board energy storage system (OESS) are considered. For each of the scenarios, simplified mathematical models of processes have been developed, which describe the energy exchange in the traction and auxiliary systems during exploitation of OESS. The input data for the calculations are the dependence of the power at wheel of locomotive on time, which is determined by the results of solving the traction task for the section railway line. Calculations has been made for the studied scenarios of OESS operation using data of locomotive operation at PJSC “Poltava Ferrexpo Mining”. It is defined that the parameters of OESS depend on the energy consumption scenario. It is proposed to use OESS on the locomotive with electric traction drive based on induction motors for PJSC “Poltava Ferrexpo Mining” according to energy consumption scenarios, which provide power from OESS during shunting and power from OESS when shunting with co-powered from the catenary for guide lifts.

The paper investigates the question of the repeatedness of the results of the measurement of the impact of a wagon wheel on the rail. It is examined how the dispersion of the impact values depends on whether the wagon is loaded or empty. The ratio of the total width of the two middle quartiles to the median is used as a parameter to assess the predictability of the effect of wagon wheel damage on vertical impacts. The results of field tests were used for the research, and conclusions were presented.

Track circuits are key elements of railway automation systems, and train safety depends on their reliable operation. During the operation, they are exposed to numerous noises. The article considers a method to improve noise immunity of audio frequency track circuits (AFTC) so that the influence of noise can be reduced by opening the transmission path at the input of a track receiver in the intervals between signal current pulses. It allows to increase the signal-to-noise ratio at the input of a track receiver from 10% to 30%, depending on the noise parameters and the useful signal level. To eliminate noise in the intervals between pulses of the useful signal more effectively, a method of adaptive delay line control is proposed, which will allow to correct adaptively the interval of opening the transmission path, adjusting it to the parameters of the AFTC: the length of the rail line, the carrier frequency of the signal, the insulation resistance and the frequency of the modulating signal. A series of studies was conducted using simulation; according to the results of the studies, a database was created with tables of concordance of the values of the AFTC operation parameters with the signal transmission time. Once the data classification problem was solved, the optimal model structure based on neural networks was chosen, which implements the adaptive delay line control method.

According to the author, the development of the railway system in a country is best determined by the ratio of the length of the railway to the area of that country, the population and the gross domestic product. Using this principle, the author analyzes the railway development of the 10 longest railway states in the world. The regularity of the length of the state railways correlated with the railway development indicators calculated by the author was observed in the research. In the case of the 10 countries with the longest railways, the values of the railway development indicator proposed by the author vary according to the law close to the normal distribution.

The article presents the changes that took place on the rail passenger transport market in 2020 – the first year of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, with particular emphasis on rail passenger transport in Poland. The considerations concern passenger transport segments represented by: PKP Intercity – a long-distance operator, SKM Warszawa, working as a agglomeration operator. The analysis of the available data shows that: regardless of the market segment, the year 2020 for railway companies was characterized by significant declines in the volume of transports which reached the lowest level in March and April. Those changes were correlated with the level of restrictions on the people’s movement. While preparing the article, the data and available sources were used and the methods of analysis and synthesis in addition. The results are presented in tabular form and the text is enriched with graphs.

The study is aimed at replacing outdated approaches in the organization of maintenance of the locomotive fleet. The article presents a comparative analysis of maintenance strategies for traction rolling stock. The necessity of introducing control over the technical condition of locomotives to ensure the transition to a preventive maintenance system is substantiated. Directions of research - adjustment of the existing volumes and frequency of repairs, the introduction of individual repair strategies, the introduction of adapted and flexible approaches to the maintenance of locomotives. To improve the efficiency of monitoring the technical condition of locomotives, the use of factor analysis methods is proposed. The purpose of using factor analysis methods is to reduce the number of analysed parameters, while the information content of monitoring the technical condition should not decrease. The results of applying the method of principal components to assess the technical condition of the hydraulic transmission of a diesel locomotive during testing are presented. It is proposed to use the concept of latent diagnostic parameters to assess the technical condition of locomotive units. Considering the physical meaning of the processes occurring in the hydraulic transmission, as a result of the analysis, three groups of latent parameters were identified: “Load”, “Losses”, “Input”. These parameters characterize the technical condition of the hydraulic transmission. Each of the latent parameters includes information from a group of physical process sensors. The implementation of the considered approach will ensure the effective use of monitoring results and a gradual transition to predictive maintenance.

The concept of resilience is one of the crucial factors for protecting elements of railway critical infrastructure. The resilience of prevention is generally known as a key phase from time perspective. This is determined by resistance which can be defined by the ability of the system to prevent occurring of disruptive events. Increasing the level of critical infrastructure elements resistance could minimize the likelihood of disruptive events and resulting damages. Currently, however there is no comprehensive procedure for strengthening the resistance in the railway critical infrastructure sector. This paper considers methodology for assessing and strengthening resistance in the critical infrastructure systems and its applicability when compiling functional procedures for assessing and strengthening resistance of railway critical infrastructure elements. The essence of this paper is also the definition of methodological-logical framework with all its requirements for defining a suitable procedure included. The methodological framework is composed of semi-quantitative methods that can be applied in the prevention phase or transformed into the given phase. The framework as the main starting point is developed. Basic findings into perception of the new concept of critical infrastructure resistance are provided.

This article deals with the topic of remote control systems for railway transport with a focus on increasing the safety of transport on regional rail lines and increasing the reliability of the RadioBlock interlocking system to ensure the sustainability of operations on lines with lower traffic volume. The paper provides a general explanation of traffic management through control centres, while also considering the efficiency aspects of remote control, which allows for more efficient operation on lines, which has a direct impact on the maintenance of traffic and services, especially on regional lines. As well, the analytical part of the article is focussed on the RadioBlock interlocking system, including an explanation of its operating procedures and technical shortcomings. The next section presents the characteristics of using radio frequency technology in rail transport. This is followed by a proposal for upgrading the RadioBlock system by implementing radio frequency technology, and a description of the traffic management according to the proposal is also given. The characteristics of the proposed solution are then presented, which enables the safety of train movements without the need to install a costly train protection system, including the acquisition of expensive equipment. There is also a summary of the results obtained and a reflection on the future direction of research in the field of alternative interlocking systems.

The problematic of determination of maximum capacity of Lithuanian Railway lines is considered is this article. Maximum capacity considered the largest number of trains that could run over a railway line, during the scheduled time interval. At the same time, the train traffic should be ensured in a strictly perfect, mathematically defined environment, with the trains running permanently and ideally at minimum headway, i.e., keeping time-based distance between two consecutive trains. Current applied calculation methods and the means of Lithuanian train traffic arranging are revised by estimating the railway traffic irregularity due the features of technical equipment: traction vehicles, signalling, automatic, track, catenary, etc. The maximum potential capacities of three problematic lines of Lithuanian Railways are estimated taking into account the type and power of freight locomotives. Considered railway lines are: “Livintai – Gaižiūnai”, “Plungė – Šateikiai” and “Pagėgiai – Tauragė – Viduklė”. Finally, basic conclusions and recommendations are given.

This paper examines a multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle and the influence of the ground effect on the aircraft during the landing stage. Theoretical and practical research of other authors and results are described. It is briefly discussed how the position of the high-pressure area changes with changing environmental conditions. The study examined the ground effect on the drone at 1/3R - 2R. Calculations show that the propeller thrust increases up to 7%. Also, discussing the results, it has been hypothesized that an increase in thrust near the ground will reduce engine speed, which may directly impact the drone's stability and landing accuracy. Further research is needed to explore this issue further.

Nowadays there is a duality in the definition of aviation security. In the study, the authors considered aviation security as a state of protection of aviation security from acts of unlawful interference, which is provided by a set of measures involving human and material resources. Current research on this topic leaves quite unexplored the impact of criminality and economic factors that could potentially affect the level of threats to the airport. Developed multiple regression aviation security model Schiphol Airport clearly demonstrates the importance of such factors, which have been deprived of attention among scientists. Potentially, the model could be expanded by creating a multi-level aviation security model that requires further research (particularly in terms of the Occam razor principle) and a significant sample of statistics. The obtained results confirmed authors assumption about the dependence of acts of unlawful interference and criminality of area in which the airport is located: there is a significant positive correlation; with an increase in criminality there is +0.017 increase in acts of unlawful interference. From a practical point of view, the developed model of aviation security allows to manage and forecast the level of danger in order to ensure the airport operation safety.

Investigation of a two-stroke engine scavenging phenomenon remains a significant issue due to its wide application in sports, the military, and other areas. The finite volume method is used to investigate the two-stroke engine scavenging process. Investigated cold flow study of internal combustion engine is targeting the process of identified and improve fluid flow inside the shaft, ports and muffler. The impact of the engine speed is examined it effect to pressure fluctuations and temperature inside engine, investigated sophisticated blades effect to engine scavenging performance for various blade angles and effect on the required torque.

During the pandemic, drones helped many FFCs access goods and services to the government and the general population. In response, many regulatory bodies worldwide have shown interest in helping the industry develop. Regulators are now looking for ways to support the development of drone technology by exploring ways to transport heavier goods and people. They are issuing more permits within existing frameworks and adopting more comprehensive frameworks to allow for more drone operations.Overall, drones are expected to play an essential role in all applications. This makes them an excellent solution for transportation applications.This study analyzes the role of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in delivering medical and emergency supplies to remote areas. It outlines potential considerations for operators wishing to use UAVs to provide medical and emergency supplies to remote locations.The article also discusses some practical considerations regarding the organization wishing to conduct such operations, the operations themselves, and the technology used.These considerations are primarily driven by the nature of the international regulatory framework for UAV operations and the specifics of using UAVs to deliver medical and emergency supplies.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the fatigue crack open/close effect to electromechanical impedance (EMI) of the system ‘host structure/ piezoelectric transducer’ and to estimate of efficiency of effect application for structural health assessment of aircraft structures. The experimental study was performed using the PI Ceramic a piezoelectric transducer PIC151 of 0.5 × 10 × 50 mm (PZT). Two types of the 1.14 mm aluminum alloy thin-walled samples were used as the host structures for testing of different geometrical configurations. The PZT were glued at the surface of sample by the Epoxy Paste HYSOL EA 9309.3 NA. The sample was subjected to static load of different levels and at each of them EMI and electrical capacitance of the piezoelectric transducer were measured by the impedance analyzer C60 (Cypher Instrument). Combined effect of the load and the boundary conditions (partial detachment of the sample fixing zone) was also investigated. In all tests the significant effect of load to the different signatures of the EMI and the PZT capacitance was observed. For the analysis, designing and calculations software like Cypher Graph, Microsoft Excel were used. The obtained results make it possible to assess the main properties of the effect of the fatigue crack open/close and demonstrate the sensitivity of different parts of EMI to the action of external load.

The article presents the results of assessment and forecasting of transport and operational condition of airfield pavements on the example of airfield pavements of Kyiv and Mykolaiv International Airports. Domestic and foreign methods of assessment of transport and operational condition and calculation of airfield pavements have been analyzed. One of the most common methods of qualitative assessment of the transport and operational condition of airfield pavements is the method, the essence of which is to compare the classification numbers of aircraft and the bearing capacity of the pavement at the same strength of the subgrade. The results of calculation and design of airfield pavements were performed on the example of Kyiv and Mykolaiv International Airports using the FAARFIELD program. An alternative design of flexible airfield pavement of Kyiv International Airport is proposed. The engineering and geological conditions of Kyiv International Airport were analyzed in detail. Visual investigation of the surface of the pavements of all elements of the airfield of Kyiv International Airport showed that they have satisfactory transport and operational condition. The classification numbers PCN of rigid airfield pavements of Kyiv and Mykolaiv International Airports and flexible airfield pavement of Kyiv International Airport have been calculated with the help of the FAARFIELD program. PCN of the offered design of a rigid airfield pavement of the «Mykolaiv» International Airport is PCN 70/R/C/W/T. This means that the aircraft of this element of the airfield can perform take-off and landing operations without restrictions. Likewise, aircraft can perform take-off and landing operations without restrictions on rigid and flexible airfield pavements of «Kyiv» International Airport