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2024 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. Analysis of Environmental and Economic Effectiveness of Wind Power Generation in Japan

verfasst von : Sachiyo Asahi

Erschienen in: Econometric Analysis of Regional Economy

Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore

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Abstract

Chapter 4 examines recent advances in wind power generation in the different regions of Japan, and finds a positive cost-benefit balance in favor of the expansion of generation capability.　The aim of the chapter is to analyze the effective use of the natural environment for wind power generation and to compare regional initiatives in this activity area, using existing survey results of wind power generation facilities in Japan and established research methods. First, an overview is offered of the current state of wind power generation and of the purposes and challenges of moving into this new area. This is followed by an analysis of the amount of wind power currently generated, the CO2 reduction effect, and the economic efficiency. In addition, the ripple effect of the construction of wind power generation plants on regional economies is analyzed, including the employment aspect.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Analysis of the Impact of Overtourism in Japan: The Effects of Congestion Phenomena

Nächstes Kapitel Economic Ripple Effects of Choice Factors and Disaster-Related Investments at Nagoya Port

IPCC Sixth Assessment Report Working Group 1: The Physical Science Basis, Summary for Policymakers, p.4 A1.1 (7th line up from the bottom). https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf

UN Environment Program (2022) “How do greenhouse gases actually warm the planet?”. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/how-do-greenhouse-gases-actually-warm-planet (05 JAN 2022 STORY CLIMATE ACTION).

AR5 Synthesis Report—Climate Change (2014), p. 46.

Global Warming Prevention Headquarters (2002), p. 6 (line 27).

Ministry of the Environment (2021).

IPCC (2011a, 2011b, 2011c), p. 178. Edenhofer et al.(2011).

This is shown in BP (2021), p. 10.

From World Energy Outlook 2021 in IEA (2021), p. 309 Annex A | Tables for scenario projections Table A.1d: World energy supply.

As shown in the table comparing development periods for different types of renewable energy power generation facilities in Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (2015), p. 8.

At the time of this research, GWEC is data from the international trade association for the wind power industry and is delaied one year less than Japan's statistical data.

The Sunshine Plan included solar, geothermal, coal (but in the future after a liquefaction process) and hydrogen as new energies, but wind power was included among “other energies.”

These developments are shown in the source below.

150-year history of energy in Japan ⑤, Beginning of “The Global Warming Countermeasures” and “Electricity and gas liberalization.” https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/about/special/johoteikyo/history5heisei.html (2018-06-06).

Details are shown in Ito (2009). The price for residential use was 48 yen/kWh, and for non-residential use 24 yen/kWh. Electric power companies were obliged to purchase privately generated power energy at 39 yen/kWh.

The source for this is Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (2022), p. 95.

This is from the purchase prices and lead periods (2012–2021) in “Nattoku Renewable Energies” on the following site. https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/category/saving_and_new/saiene/kaitori/kakaku.html#h.

This information comes from the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (2001).

These arguments are set out in ITOCHU Techno-Solutions Corporation (2011) and Ministry of Environment (2011).

The details of the acts are from Ando and Nakamura (2018).

The data used here is from the Act on Special Measures Concerning the Promotion of Uses of Electricity from Renewable Energies, Website, Table A: Amounts approved and installed by prefecture (as of the end of December 2021), Table section A④. https://www.fit-portal.go.jp/PublicInfoSummary. https://www.fit-portal.go.jp/servlet/servlet.FileDownload?file=0150K00000AyoEO.

The Agency for Natural Resources and Energy and the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) are investigating future costs and prospects for the introduction of renewable energies.

This can be seen from Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (2022), p. 7, l. 12–15.

The Report on Entrusted Work Concerning the Development and Disclosure of Basic Zoning Information Concerning Renewable Energies being prepared by the Ministry of the Environment is at present under revision. The most recent state of information available as of November 2022 was that of March 2021.

Ando and Nakamura (2018), p. 65, l. 11–14.

See Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (2018), 2017 Annual Report on Energy, p. 87–89.

See Cabinet Office, Government of Japan (2021), p. 3. This document was in Japanese only, and some explicatory terms have been added to make it more understandable in English.

For an analysis of the economic benefits of wind power in Japan, Ito et al. (2004), Nakata et al. (2005). Ziegelmann et al. (2000) analyzed the employment effects of investment in renewable energy expansion in Germany using an input-output table. Cosmi et al. (2003) optimize the investment system for renewable energy and evaluate the potential of using renewable energy resources on a regional scale according to the EU energy policy.

Other similar studies in China include Wang et al. (2019) and Gao et al. (2019) and Gao et al. (2021).

The frequency distribution for wind speeds can be approximated by the following Weibull distribution.

The Weibull distribution $f\left( V \right) = \left( {K/C} \right)\left( {V/C} \right)^{k - 1} {\text{exp}}\left[ { - \left( {V/C} \right)} \right]^{K}$

$f\left( V \right)$: The occurrence frequency distribution of wind speed $V$; $K$: The shape of the distribution; $C$: The coefficient of scale.

The probability that the wind speed $V$ will be less than or equal to $V_x f\left( {V \leqq V_{x} } \right)$ can be formulated as $f\left( {V \leqq V_{x} } \right) = 1 - \exp \left\{ { - (V_{x} /C)} \right\}$.

The average wind speed is given by the following formula.

$$V = C\Gamma (1 + (1/K))\quad \Gamma :\;{\text{gamma function}}.$$

The shape of the Weibull distribution ranges from about 0.8 to 2.2 in Japan according to the “Investigation on preparation of data relating to development of new energy technology (wind power generation). Research report in the fiscal year 1999’’ and is ascertained to lie between values of about 1.5 and 2.2 where the average wind speed is 5 m/s. The Rayleigh distribution is obtained by setting this value at 2.

These figures come from the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (2023), p. 41 and 82nd Meeting of the Procurement Price Calculation Committee, Document 2 on Wind Power Generation, 2023, p. 24.

I conducted a “The Fact-Finding Survey on Wind Power Generation” for wind power generation facilities in Japan. The following is a summary of the survey. Survey Period: March 30, 2004 - April 30, 2004, survey object: Organizations that had installed wind power generation by the end of March 2002, as surveyed by NEDO, and organizations participating in the National Council of Wind Power Promotion Municipalities (data from the National Wind Summit). Questionnaire method: mail, Questionnaire collection: sent, 170 collected, 85 collection rate： 50%.

Same as 27 above.

Imamura et al. (2016), the Central Research Institute of the Electric Power Industry.

This calculation was published in NEDO News, Vol. 19, No. 171 (August 1999).

Calculations from the report of the Power Generation Cost Verification Working Group, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (2021), p. 5.

The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) discontinued the production of inter-regional input-output table in 2005 after the last one. Therefore, in a recent RIETI discussion paper of Arai (2022), the 47 prefectures are grouped into nine regions in I-O tables, as follows. 1. Hokkaido, 2. Tohoku (Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Akita, Yamagata, Fukushima), 3. Kanto (Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama, Chiba, Tokyo, Kanagawa, Niigata, Yamanashi, Nagano, Shizuoka), 4. Chubu (Toyama, Ishikawa, Gifu, Aichi, Mie), 5. Kinki (Fukui, Shiga, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyogo, Wakayama), 6. Chugoku (Tottori, Shimane, Okayama, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi), 7. Shikoku (Tokushima, Kagawa, Ehime, Kochi), 8. Kyushu (Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Oita, Miyazaki, Kagoshima), 9. Okinawa.

The underlying data were obtained from an Inter-prefectural Input–Output Table for 2011 devised and described by Arai, S. and published by RIETI in 2022.

An increase in output leads to an increase in employment income. The subsequent effect of this rise in income on consumption was the point of the analysis.

The proportion ratios used in the analysis were as assumed in Asahi (2005).

In addition to the environmental tax, the introduction of a separate carbon tax is also currently under consideration.

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Titel: Analysis of Environmental and Economic Effectiveness of Wind Power Generation in Japan
verfasst von: Sachiyo Asahi
Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore
Buch: Econometric Analysis of Regional Economy
Print ISBN: 978-981-9987-06-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-9987-07-8

Copyright-Jahr: 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8707-8_4

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