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2024 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. Analysis of the Impact of Overtourism in Japan: The Effects of Congestion Phenomena

verfasst von : Sachiyo Asahi

Erschienen in: Econometric Analysis of Regional Economy

Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore

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Abstract

The study presented in this chapter 3 estimates the tourism demand function of international visitors to Japan. The purpose of this is to analyze the impact of congestion phenomena on foreign visitors and to discover which economic variables affect their numbers. The demand function for international visitors to Japan was estimated by considering the TALC model for the top 9 prefectures and for the 6 prefectures with the largest number of international tourist visitors. From this, it was found that the effect of the number of visitors is sustainable in the prefectures where international visitors are most numerous. In the most popular tourist areas, however, it was found that TALC theory factors of reputation and congestion have a negative effect in following years. On the other hand, the elasticity of income in the country of origin is a positive influence, and the numbers of international visitors traveling to Japan will depend greatly on the incomes in the countries of origin. Further, the numbers were also affected by price changes. It seems that the reputation of tourist destinations will affect the future behavior patterns of international visitors. If so, governments, local governments, and tourism operators in popular destinations need to devise measures to reduce congestion phenomena.

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Fußnoten
1
This represents a view of the situation in February 2022.
 
2
As announced in the UNWTO outlook for 2022. In the latest UNWTO Panel of Experts, a majority (64%) does not expect visitors from overseas to return to 2019 levels until 2024.
 
4
The basic idea is to consider the introduction of “road pricing,” i.e., charges on vehicles using particular stretches of road. (Nihon Keizai Shimbun Electronic Edition, News Senbo-tenbo, 6/10/2019, 8:00 p.m.)
 
5
The term “international visitors” is used by UNWTO and the Japan Tourism Agency (JTA). In other literature and media articles, “foreign visitors” is used in the same way.
 
6
Reference 1: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (2017) “Promotion of LCC Business Development” 2016 Policy Review Results (Evaluation Report) https://​www.​mlit.​go.​jp/​common/​001179271.​pdf (November 22, 2019).
Reference 2: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and Tourism Agency (March, 2017) “White Paper on Tourism” 2010–2018 edition, the state of tourism in 2018: Tourism measures in the year Reiwa 1, referring to the year Reiwa 1.
 
7
Reference 1: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (2002) “Global Tourism Strategy” December 2002, http://​www.​mlit.​go.​jp/​kisha/​kisha02/​01/​011224_​3/​011224_​3.​pdf (November 22, 2019).
Reference 2: Watanabe T. (2004) Part 4: Research on the increase in internatioanl tourists visiting Japan: Development of inbound policies in modern Japan: From the opening of the country to the “global tourism strategy”: Independent Research Report 2004, pp. 67–72, the Japan Travel Bureau Foundation.
 
8
Japan Tourism Agency (2016) “Revision of ‘Plan for Promoting a Tourism-Oriented Country,” April 25, 2017 https://​www.​mlit.​go.​jp/​common/​001182997.​pdf (October 22, 2019).
 
9
Overnight stays for international visitors is a term used by the Tourism Agency and means foreign guests staying in overnight accommodation
 
10
This is indicated people of Japanese nationality or other people resident in Japan.
 
11
Overtourism is introduced in Ali, R. (2016), with reference to Sheivachman, A. “Iceland and the Trials of 21st Century Tourism” (https://​skift.​com/​iceland-tourism/​).
 
12
UNWTO (2018), p. 4, right column, l. 20.
 
13
The organization is called RTM: Responsible Tourism Movement.
 
15
Richardson, D. (2017), p. 1.
 
16
JTA (2018), p. 111. The Japan Tourism Agency has also compiled a report “Towards a Sustainable Advanced Tourism Country” (June 12, 2019), summarizing problems currently faced by Japanese regions as a result of rapid environmental changes due to tourism and the effects of overtourism.
 
17
This is shown in Perkumiené and Pranskuuniené (2019).
 
18
This is mentioned in Peeters et al. (2018).
 
19
In public and environmental economics, it is shown as external diseconomy.
 
20
Li et al. (2005) conducted a literature search for econometric studies of international tourism demand undertaken worldwide since 1961. This paper summarizes 81 models and empirical studies on prediction published between 1990 and 2004.
 
21
Cole (2012) showed that more than 1500 works of research had appeared on TALC at that time.
 
22
Nakazaki (1998), pp. 1–3. TALC is called a “CONCEPT” in the title of Butler 1980.
 
23
Brougham was work on forecasting the development of tourism by Butler and Brougham (1972).
 
24
Van der Borg et al. (1996) explain that it is more commonly known as capacity, that is, it is related to the maximum limits of tourism development.
 
25
Shelby and Heberlein (1984), p. 62, see carrying capacity as the point from which visitors begin to feel crowded as the scale of tourism exceeds what can be accommodated. In addition, the number of accommodation spaces per 100 residents or per km2 can be used as an index of tourism density, which has the potential for being felt as social or environmental pressure.
 
26
Shelby and Heberlein (1984), p. 62, see carrying capacity as the point from which visitors begin to feel crowded as the scale of tourism exceeds what can be accommodated. In addition, the number of accommodation spaces per 100 residents or per km2 can be used as an index of tourism density, which has the potential for being felt as social or environmental pressure.
 
27
Machado-Carrillo (1990), p. 88.
 
28
As explained in Albaladejo et al. (2016), p. 133.
 
29
As explained in Cruz and Zaragoza (2019), p. 10.
 
30
Marrocu and Paci (2013) use the number of museums and recreational attractions.
 
31
At that time, “puntos turísticos were cultural or natural assets of certified value similar to UNESCO heritage sites. This chapter uses the term "Tourism" sites, although “Tourist spots” or “Tourist sites” may be more appropriate.
 
32
Albaladejo and González-Martínez (2019) used the variable of the strength of tourism supply, named BEDKM.
 
33
As shown in Kitaoka (2008) and Takahashi (2013).
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Analysis of the Impact of Overtourism in Japan: The Effects of Congestion Phenomena
verfasst von
Sachiyo Asahi
Copyright-Jahr
2024
Verlag
Springer Nature Singapore
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8707-8_3