Top

Published in:

2017 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

9. Nickel-Based Superalloys

Published in: Aerospace Materials and Material Technologies

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Nickel-based superalloys are an exceptional class of structural materials for high temperature applications, particularly in the challenging environment of the turbine sections of aircraft engines. Continued improvements in the properties of these materials have been possible through close control of chemistry and microstructure as well as the introduction of advanced processing technologies. Surface modification by application of coating technology concurrent with the introduction of directional structures and then single crystals, has extended the useful temperature range of superalloys. Further improvements are likely with the development and implementation of tools for alloy design, microstructure-process evolution, and mechanical-property modelling. To date, six generations of single crystal (SC) nickel-based superalloys have been developed with improved creep properties and phase stability. Therefore it appears that the evolution of advanced nickel-based superalloys is a never ending process, and their replacement in turbine engine applications seems to be impossible at least for a few more decades. The present chapter is a brief review of various aspects pertaining to chemical composition, heat treatment, microstructure, properties and applications of both cast, and wrought alloys as well as the evolution of advanced cast nickel-based superalloys.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

previous chapter Aero Steels: Part 2—High Alloy Steels

next chapter Structural Intermetallics

Betteridge W (1974) The Nimonic alloys, and other Nickel-base high temperature alloys. In: Betteridge W, Heslop J (eds) Edward Arnold, London, UK

Sims CT, Stoloff NS, Hagel WC (1987) Superalloys II. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, USA

Meetham GW, Van de Voorde MH (2000) Materials for high temperature engineering applications. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany

Donachie MJ, Donachie SJ (2002) Superalloys: a technical guide, 2nd edn. ASM International. Materials Park, OH, USA

Reed RC (2006) The superalloys: fundamentals and applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

Muktinutalapati NR (2011) Materials for gas turbines—an overview, advances in gas turbine technology. Benini E (ed). Intech Open Source Publisher: book.department@intechopen.com, pp 293–314

MacKay A, Gabb TP, Smialek JL, Nathal MV (2009) Alloy design challenge: development of low density superalloys for turbine blade applications. Rebecca Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44135, NASA/TM—2009-215819

Caron P, Khan T, Evolution of Ni-based superalloys for single crystal gas turbine blade applications. Aerosp Sci Technol 3(8):513–523

Khan T (1986) High temperature alloys for gas turbines and other applications. In: Betz W et al (eds) D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland, p 21

10.

Cetel AD, Duhl DN (1992) Second generation columnar grain Nickel-base superalloy. In: Antolo SD, Stusrud RW, MacKay RA, Anton L, Khan T, Kissinger RD, Klarstrom L (eds) Superalloys 1992, TMS, Warrendale, PA, USA, pp 287–296

11.

Pollock TM, Tin S (2006) Propulsion and power, vol 22, 2, p 361

12.

Diego Colombo (2006–2007) Nickel-based superalloys and their application in the aircraft industry. Anno accademico, Universita Deglistudi Di Trento, Italy

13.

Caron P, Lavigne O (2011) Recent studies at onera on superalloys for single crystal turbine blades. J Aerosp Lab 3, pp 1–14

14.

Second Generation single crystal superalloy(Developed under NIMS1/Toshiba2 collaboration), High Temperature Materials Group, Materials Engineering Laboratory (MEL), National Institute for Materials Science(NIMS), Japan, August, 2004

15.

Li JR, Zhong ZG, Tang DZ, Liu SZ, Wei P, Wei PY, Wu ZT, Huang D, Han M (2000) A Low-cost second geneution single crystal superalloy DD6. In: Pollock TM, Kissinger RD, Bowman RR, Green KA, McLean S, Olson, Schina JJ (eds) Superalloys 2000, TMS, Warrendale, PA, USA, pp 777–783

16.

Cetel AD, Duhl DN (1988) Second generation nickel base single crystal superalloy. In: Reichman S, lhhl DN, Maurer G, Antolovich, S, Lund C (eds) Superalloys 1988, TMS, Warrendale, PA, USA, pp 235–244

17.

Ericson Gary L, JOM BS (2006) A new third generation, single crystal, casting superalloy 47(5):36–39

18.

Walston S, O’Hara, KS, Ross EW, Pollock TM, Murphy WH (1996) RENE N6: third generation single crystal superalloy. In: Kissinger RD, Deye DJ, Anton DL, C&l AD, Nathal MV, Pollo TM, Woodford DA (eds) Superalloys 1996, TMS, Warrendale, PA, USA, pp 27–34

19.

Caron P, Khan T (1996) Evolution of Ni-based superalloys for single crystal gas turbine blade applications. Office National d’Etudeset de Recherches Aérospatiales (ONERA), BP72 - 92322, Châtillon Cedex, France

20.

Zietara M, Ceteland A, Czyrska-Filemonowicz A (2011), Microstructure stability of 4th generation single crystal superalloy, pwa 1497, during high temperature creep deformation. Materials Transactions, vol 52, no 3, pp 336–339

21.

Walston S, Cetel A, MacKay R, O’Hara K, Duhl D, Dreshfield R (2004) Joint development of a fourth generation single crystal superalloy. In : 10th international symposium on superalloys cosponsored by the seven springs international symposium committee. The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society (TMS), the TMS High Temperature Alloys Committee, and ASM International Champion, PA, USA, pp 19–23

22.

Kawagishi Kyoko, Harada Hiroshi, Sato Akihiro, Kobayashi Toshiharu (2006) JOM 58(1):43–46CrossRef

23.

Sato A, Yeh AC, Kobayashi T, Yokokawa T, Harada H, Murakumo T, Zhang JX (2007) Energy materials 2(1):19–25CrossRef

24.

Sato A, Harada H, Yeh A-C, Kawagishi K, Kobayashi T, Koizumi Y, Tadaharu Y, Zhang J-X (2008) A 5th generation SC superalloy with balanced high temperature properties and processability. In: Reed RC, Green KA, Caron P, Gabb, Fahrman MG, Huron ES, Wodard SA (eds) Superalloys 2008, TMS, Warrendale, PA, USA, pp 131–138

25.

Nickel base single crystal superalloys, TMS-196, July, 2008, High temperature materials center, National Institute for Materials Science, Japan

26.

Kawagishi K, Yeh A-C, Yokokawa T, Kobayashi T, Koizumi Y, Harada H (2012) Development of an oxidation resistant high strength sixth generation SC superalloy. In: 12th international symposium on superalloys. In: Huron ES, Reed RC, Hardy MC, Mills MJ, Montero RE, Portella PD, Telesman J (eds) TMS, Warrendale, PA, USA, pp 189–195

27.

Ross EW (1967) Rene 100-a sigma-free turbine blade alloy. J Met 19(12):12–14

28.

Nystrom JD, Nystrom TM, Murphy WH, Garg A (1997) Discontinuous cellular precipitation in a high-refractory nickel-base superalloy. Metall Mater Trans 28A:2443–2452CrossRef

29.

Wlodek ST (1964) The structure of IN100. Trans ASM 57:110–119

30.

Rae CMF, Reed RC (2001) The precipitation of topologically close-packed phases in rhenium-containing superalloys. Acta Mater 49(10):4113–4125CrossRef

31.

Darolia R, Lahrman DF, Field RD (1988) Formation of topologically closed packed phases in nickel base single crystal superalloys. TMS, Warrendale, PA, USA, pp 255–264

32.

Agren J (1996) Calculation of phase diagrams: Calphad. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 1:355–360CrossRef

33.

Kattner UR (1997) Thermodynamic modeling of multicomponent phase equilibria. J Met 49(12):14–19

34.

Saunders N, Fahrmann M, Small CJ (2000) The application of CALPHAD calculations to Ni-Based superalloys. Superalloys 2000. TMS, Warrendale, PA, USA, pp 803–811CrossRef

35.

Wu K, Chang YA, Wang Y (2004) Simulating interdiffusion microstructuresin Ni–Al–Cr diffusion couples: a phase field approach coupled with calphad database. ScriptaMaterialia 50:1145–1150

36.

Schilke PW (2004) Advanced gas turbine materials and coatings. Available at www.Gepower.com/prod-serv/products/tech-docs/en/downloads/ger3569.pdf

37.

Loria ED (1989) Proceedings of conference on superalloy 718—metallurgy and applications, TMS, Warrendale, PA, USA

38.

Loria ED (1991) Proceedings of conference on superalloy 718, 625 and various derivatives. TMS, Warrendale, PA, USA

39.

Loria ED (1994) Superalloys 718, 625, and various derivatives. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, Warrendale, PA, USA

40.

Loria ED (1997) Superalloys 718, 625, 706 and various derivatives. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society. Warrendale, PA, USA

41.

Loria ED (2001) Proceedings of the fifth international conference on superalloys 718, 625, 706 and various derivatives. TMS, Warrendale, PA, USA

42.

Loria ED (2005) Proceedings of sixth international symposium on superalloys 718, 625, 706 and derivatives. TMS, Warrendale, PA, USA

43.

Furrer D, Fecht H (1999) JOM, vol 51, 1, pp 14–17

44.

Das N, Trans. IIM, vol 63, 210, pp 265–274

45.

Tien JK, Caulfield T (1988) Superalloys, supercomposites and superceramics. Academic Press, New York, USA

46.

Tin S, Pollock TM, Murphy W (2001) Stabilization of thermosolutal convective instabilities in Ni-based single crystal superalloys: carbon additions and freckle formation. Metall Mater Trans 32A(7):1743–1753CrossRef

47.

Tin S, Pollock TM (2004) Predicting freckle formation in single crystal Ni-base superalloys. J Mater Sci 39(24):7199–7205CrossRef

48.

Beckermann C, Gu JP, Boettinger WJ (2000) Development of a freckle predictor via rayleigh number method for single-crystal superalloy castings. Metall Mater Trans 31A(10):2545–2557CrossRef

49.

Wang W, Lee PD, McLean M (2003) A model of solidification microstructures in Nickel-Based superalloys: Predicting primary dendrite spacing selection. Acta Mater 51(10):2971–2987CrossRef

50.

Pollock TM, Murphy WH (1996) The breakdown of solidification in high refractory nickel-base superalloys. Metall Mater Trans 27A(4):1081–1094CrossRef

51.

Giamei AF, Kear BH (1970) Nature of freckles in nickel-base superalloys. Metall Trans A 1:2185–2192CrossRef

52.

Copley SM, Giamei AF, Johnson SM, Hornbecker MF (1970) Origin of freckles in unidirectionally solidified castings. Metall Trans A 1(8):2193–2204CrossRef

53.

Giamei AF, Tschinkel JG (1976) Liquid metal cooling—a new solidification technique. Metall Trans A 7A:1427–1434CrossRef

54.

Elliott AJ, Tin S, King WT, Huang SC, Gigliotti MFX, Pollock TM (2004) Directional solidification of large superalloy castings with radiation and liquid-metal cooling: a comparative assessment. Metall Mater Trans A 35A(10):3221–3231CrossRef

55.

Huron ES (1992) Serrated yielding in a nickel-base superalloy. TMS, Warrendale, PA, USA, pp 675–684

56.

Pollock TM, Field RD (2002) Dislocations and high temperature plastic deformation of superalloy single crystals. In: Nabarro FRN, Duesbery MS (eds) Dislocations in solids, vol 11. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 549–618

57.

Yoo MH (1986) ScriptaMetallurgica 20:915–920CrossRef

58.

Kear BH, Wilsdorf HGF (1962) Trans Metall Soc AIME 224:382–386

59.

Copley SM, Kear BH (1967) Trans AIME 239:984–992

60.

Murakumo T, Kobayashi T, Koizumi Y, Harada H (2004) Creep of Ni-base single-crystal superalloys with various gamma volume fraction. Acta Mater 52(12):3737–3744CrossRef

61.

Karunarante MSA, Reed RC (2003) Interdiffusion of platinum-group metals in nickel at elevated temperatures. Acta Mater 51(10):2905–2914CrossRef

62.

Reed RC, Karunarantne MSA (2000) Interdiffusion in the face-centered cubic Phase of Ni–Re, Ni–Ta and Ni–W systems between 900 °C and 1300 °C. Mater Sci Eng A 281(1–2):229–233

63.

Walston WS, Cetel A, MacKay R, O’Hara K, Duhl D, Dreshfield R, Joint development of a fourth generation single crystal superalloy. TMS, Warrendale, PA, USA, pp 15–24

64.

Tanaka R (2000) Research and development of ultra-high temperature materials in Japan. Mater High Temp 17(4):457–464CrossRef

65.

Shyam A, Torbet CJ, Jha SK, Larsen JM, Caton MJ, Szczepanski CJ, Pollock TM, Jones JW (2004) Development of ultrasonic fatigue for rapid, high temperature fatigue studies in turbine engine materials. TMS, Warrendale, PA, USA, pp 259–267

66.

Miner RV, Gayada J, Maier RD (1982) Fatigue and creep fatigue deformation of several nickel-base superalloys at 650 °C. Metall Trans A 13A(10):1755–1765CrossRef

67.

Clavel M, Pineau A (1982) Fatigue behavior of two nickel-base alloys: Experimental results on low cycle fatigue, fatigue crack propagation and substructures. Mater Sci Eng 55(2):157–171CrossRef

68.

Chan KS, Hack JE, Leverant GR (1987) Fatigue crack growth in mar-m200 single crystals. Metall Trans 18A(4):581–591CrossRef

69.

Antolovich SD, Lerch B (1989) Cyclic deformation, fatigue and fatigue crack propagation in Ni-base alloys. In: Tien JK, Caulfield T (eds) Superalloys, supercomposites and superceramic. Academic Press, New York, USA, pp 363–412CrossRef

70.

Wright PK, Jain M, Cameron D (2004) High cycle fatigue in a single crystal superalloy: time dependence at elevated temperature. TMS, Warrendale, PA, pp 657–666

71.

Crompton JS, Martin JW (1984) Crack growth in a single crystal superalloy at elevated temperature. Metall Trans A 15A:1711–1718CrossRef

72.

Larsen JM, Christodoulou (2004) Using materials prognosis to maximize the utilization of complex mechanical systems. J Met 56(3):15–28

73.

Saunders N (1995) Phil Trans R Soc Lond A 351:543–561CrossRef

74.

Das N (2008) Unpublished work, DMRL, Hyderabad, India

Title: Nickel-Based Superalloys
Book: Aerospace Materials and Material Technologies
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-2133-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-10-2134-3

Copyright Year: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2134-3_9

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Premium Partner