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2024 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

17. Line Defects

verfasst von : Rick Ubic

Erschienen in: Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

As we have already seen, some of the most useful properties of crystalline materials arise from defects in their structure. This chapter introduces the concept of line defects, including dislocations and disclinations. A brief biographical sketch of Vito Volterra is included.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Point Defects

Nächstes Kapitel The Non-Crystalline State

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Frank reportedly changed his mind about the word when a professor of English told him that he would be “disinclined” to use it.

Volterra’s material was a hypothetical continuous matter in which there were no atoms and hence no crystals.

J.J. Thomson had been his PhD advisor at Cambridge, 1908–1910.

Something like Fig. 17.3 is universally used in textbooks to illustrate edge dislocations, but it is important to note that this figure is a simplification and in reality virtually no dislocations actually look like this (because virtually nothing has the simple cubic structure – see Sect. 9.1). A perfect (or full) dislocation in either BCC or FCC metals actually consists of multiple half planes, as we will see in Sect. 17.7.

For this reason, it was not even technically a vector.

Actually, there doesn’t even seem to be general agreement about whether these should be called FS/RH and SF/RH or RH/FS and RH/SF.

You can also prove this fact to yourself by examining Fig. 17.3b.

In a right-handed screw, clockwise rotations cause an inward (screwing in) motion while anticlockwise rotations cause an outward (screwing out or unscrewing) motion.

These directions are [100], [010], and [110]. Recall that [110] is crystallographically equivalent to both [100] and [010] in hexagonal crystals and so is of the <100> form despite having different indices.

V. Volterra, “Sulle distorsioni dei corpi elastici simmetrici,” Rendiconti Accademia dei Lincei, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 431–438, 1905.

A. E. Love, A treatise on the mathematical theory of elasticity, Cambridge University Press, 1927.

F. R. N. Nabarro, “International Congress on Electron Diffraction and Crystal Defects,” in International Congress on Electron Diffraction and Crystal Defects, Oxford, 1966.

E. Orowan, “Zur Kristallplastizität. III. Über den Mechanismus des Gleitvorganges,” Zeitschrift für Physik, vol. 89, no. 9-10, pp. 634–659, 1934.CrossRef

M. Polanyi, “Über eine Art Gitterstörung, die einen Kristall plastisch machen könnte,” Zeitschrift für Physik, vol. 89, no. 9-10, pp. 660–664, 1934.CrossRef

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G. I. Taylor, “The mechanism of plastic deformation of crystals. Part II.—Comparison with observations,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A, vol. 145, pp. 388–404, 1934.

G. I. Taylor, “A Theory of the Plasticity of Crystals,” Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, vol. 89, no. 3/4, pp. 375–385, 1934.CrossRef

A. H. Cottrell, “Theory of dislocations,” Progress in Metal Physics, vol. 1, pp. 77–126, 1949.CrossRef

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J. W. Menter, “The Direct Study by Electron Microscopy of Crystal Lattices and their Imperfections,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, vol. 236, no. 1204, p. 119–135, 1956.

11.

P. B. Hirsch, R. W. Horne and M. J. Whelan, “Direct Observations of the Arrangement of the Motion of Dislocations in Aluminum,” Philosophical Magazine, vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 677–684, 1956.CrossRef

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W. Bollmann, “Interference Effects in the Electron Microscopy of Thin Crystal Foils,” Physical Review, vol. 103, no. 5, pp. 1588–1589, 1956.CrossRef

13.

J. M. Burgers, “Some considerations on the fields of stress connected with dislocations in a regular crystal lattice I,” Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, vol. 42, no. 1/5, pp. 293–378, 1939.

14.

J. M. Burgers, “Some considerations on the fields of stress connected with dislocations in a regular crystal lattice II (Solutions of the equations of elasticity for a non-isotropic substance of regular crystalline symmetry),” Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, vol. 42, no. 1/5, pp. 378–399, 1939.

15.

D. Hull and D. J. Bacon, Introduction to Dislocations, Oxford: Pergamon Press plc, 1965.

16.

R. W. K. Honeycombe, The Plastic Deformation of Metals, London: Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd., 1968.

17.

D. R. Askeland, The Science and Engineering of Materials, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Inc., 1984.

18.

S. M. Allen and E. L. Thomas, The Structure of Materials, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999.

19.

E. Schmid and W. Boas, Kristallplastizität, Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1935.CrossRef

20.

F. A. Kröger and H. J. Vink, “Relations between the Concentrations of Imperfections in Crystalline Solids,” in Solid State Physics, vol. 3, D. T. Frederick Seitz, Ed., New York, Academic Press, 1956, pp. 307–435.

21.

K. Shanmugam and R. Sahadevan, “Bioceramics—An introductory overview,” in Fundamental Biomaterials: Ceramics, S. Thomas, P. Balakrishnan and M. S. Sreekala, Eds., Duxford, Elsevier, 2018, pp. 1–46.

22.

S. Chandrasekhar, Liquid Crystals, Cambridge University Press, 1977, p. 123.

Titel: Line Defects
verfasst von: Rick Ubic
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-49751-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-49752-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49752-0_17

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