nach oben

Erschienen in:

2024 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Plastics: Photodegradations and Mechanisms

verfasst von : A. Mohammed Ibrahim

Erschienen in: Microplastics and Pollutants

Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

This book chapter, which focuses on the underlying mechanisms, offers a thorough description of the photodegradation of plastics and the subsequent creation of microplastics. Plastic photodegradation is recognized as a key mechanism contributing to the production of microplastic particles. Plastic pollution has grown to be a significant environmental hazard.

The concept of photodegradation and its application to plastic materials are introduced at the beginning of the chapter. It investigates the basic mechanisms and procedures involved in the photodegradation of plastics, such as the absorption of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, the start of chain scission, the impact of environmental conditions, and the generation of oxidative products. The complex interaction of various variables finally aids in the breaking up of plastics into smaller microplastic particles.

The many types of plastics found in the environment and their varying susceptibilities to photodegradation are also covered in this chapter. It sheds light on how various plastics react when exposed to UV radiation by analyzing the impact of polymer structure, chemical composition, and additives on the photodegradation process.

The chapter explores the physical and chemical processes that result in the production of microplastics to comprehend the mechanisms underlying their development during photodegradation. It investigates how mechanical stresses like abrasion and erosion affect the broken-down plastic particles as well as how weathering and environmental factors affect the development of microplastics as a result.

This chapter also discusses the environmental effects of plastic photodegradation and microplastic production. It discusses the dangers and concerns that might be posed by microplastics, including the possibility of toxicity, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification in food webs as well as the ingestion by species.

This chapter seeks to contribute to the creation of solutions for reducing plastic pollution by giving a thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying the photodegradation of plastics and the ensuing generation of microplastics. Incorporating modifications and additives that increase the durability and UV resistance of plastics stresses the significance of sustainable materials design. Additionally, it emphasizes the necessity of efficient waste management procedures to reduce the release of plastic trash into the environment and urges additional studies to produce creative ways for resolving this urgent issue.

Overall, this book chapter is a useful tool for academics, environmental scientists, and decision-makers who want to understand the processes that lead to plastic photodegradation and the consequent creation of microplastics. It provides insights into the intricate mechanisms causing plastic pollution and establishes the foundation for the creation of successful mitigation techniques in the future.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Microplastics: Sources, Interactions, and Impacts in Humans

Nächstes Kapitel Photo/Hydro/Thermal Degradation of Macro-plastics into Micro- and Nano-forms

Ahamad J, John D (2009) Determination of HCl and VOC emission from thermal degradation of PVC in the absence and presence of copper, copper(II) oxide and copper(II) chloride. Eur J Chem 6(3):685–692

Ando Y, Yoshikawa K, Yoshikawa T, Nishioka M, Ishioka R, Yakabe Y (1998) Biodegradability of poly(tetramethylene succinate-co-tetramethylene adipate): I. Enzymatic hydrolysis. Polym Degrad Stab 61(1):129–137CrossRef

Andrady AL, Searle ND, Crewdson LFE (1992) Wavelength sensitivity of unstabilized and UV stabilized polycarbonate to solar simulated radiation. Polym Degrad Stab 35:235–247CrossRef

Andrady A, Hamid S, Hu X, Torikai A (1998) Effects of increased solar ultraviolet radiation on materials. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 46:96–103CrossRef

Anton-Prinet C, Mur G, Gay M, Audouin L, Verdu J (1998) Photoageing of rigid PVC-III. Influence of exposure conditions on the thickness distribution of photoproducts. Polym Degrad Stab 60:283–289CrossRef

Audouin L, Anton-Prinet C, Veron J, Mur G, Gay M (1998) Thickness distribution of degradation products during photochemical aging of rigid PVC. Angew Makromol Chem 261:25–34CrossRef

Balandier M, Decker C (1981) Photo-oxidation of poly(vinyl chloride). Polym Photochem 1:221–232CrossRef

Baloglu R, Fisch M (1994) Polym Degrad Stab 45:30–35

Bolland JL (1948) Kinetic studies in the chemistry of rubber and related materials. VI. The benzoyl peroxide-catalyzed oxidation of ethyl linoleate. Trans Faraday Soc 44:669–677CrossRef

Carlsson DJ, Wiles DM (1969) The Photodegradation of polypropylene films. III. Photolysis of polypropylene hydroperoxides. Macromolecules 2:597–606CrossRef

Carlsson DJ, Wiles DM (1976) The Photooxidative degradation of polypropylene. Part I. Photooxidation and Photoinitiation processes. J Polym Rev 14:65–106

Castro-Aguirre E, Iñiguez-Franco F, Samsudin H, Fang X, Auras R (2016) Poly(lactic acid) mass production, processing, industrial applications, and end of life. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 107:333–366CrossRef

Craig IH, White JR, Shyichuk AV, Syrotynska I (2005) Photo-induced scission and crosslinking in LDPE, LLDPE, and HDPE. Polym Eng Sci 45(4):579–587CrossRef

Dannoux A, Esnouf S, Amekraz B, Dauvois V, Moulin C (2008) Degradation mechanism of poly(ether-urethane) estane induced by high-energy radiation. II. Oxidation effects. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 46(9):861–878CrossRef

De Jong SJ, Arias ER, Rijkers DTS, van Nostrum CF, Kettenes-van den Bosch JJ, Hennink WE (2001) New insights into the hydrolytic degradation of poly(lactic acid): participation of the alcohol terminus. Polymer 42(7):2795–2802CrossRef

Decker C (1984) Degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) by UV radiation—II: mechanism. Eur Polym J 20:149–155CrossRef

Egerton GS, Shah KM (1968) The effect of temperature on the photochemical degradation of textile materials: part I: degradation sensitized by titanium dioxide. Text Res J 38(2):130–135CrossRef

Factor A, Chu ML (1980) The role of oxygen in the photoageing of bisphenol-A polycarbonate. Polym Degrad Stab 2:203–223CrossRef

Gardette J, Lemaire J (1991) Photothermal and thermal oxidations of rigid plasticised and pigmented poly(vinyl chloride). Polym Degrad Stab 34:135–167CrossRef

Gardette J, Lemaire J (1993) Prediction of the long-term outdoor weathering of poly(vinyl chloride). J Vinyl Technol 15:113–118CrossRef

Gardette M, Perthue A, Gardette J-L, Janecska T, Földes E, Pukanszky B, Therias S (2013) Photo- and thermal-oxidation of polyethylene: comparison of mechanisms and influence of unsaturation content. Polym Degrad Stab 98(11):2383–2390CrossRef

Geuskens G, Baeyens-Volant D, Delaunois G, Lu-Vinh Q, Piret W, David C (1978) Polymer photodegradation: mechanisms and experimental methods. J Eur Polym 14:299–303CrossRef

Geuskens G, Baeyens-Volant D, Delaunois G, Lu-Vinh Q, Piret W, David C (1978b) Vacuum-ultraviolet photochemically initiated modification of polystyrene surfaces: morphological changes and mechanistic investigations. J Eur Polym 14:291–297CrossRef

Gewert B, Plassmann MM, MacLeod M (2015) Pathways for degradation of plastic polymers floating in the marine environment. Environ Sci: Processes Impacts 17(9):1513–1521

Gijsman P (1997) The role of charge transfer complexes in the photodegradation of polyolefins. Angew Makromol Chem 252:45–54CrossRef

Gijsman P, Sampers J (1998) Oxygen uptake measurements to identify the cause of unexpected differences between accelerated and outdoor weathering. Angew Makromol Chem 261:77–82CrossRef

Gonzalez A, Pastor J, De Saja F, de la (1989) Monitoring the UV degradation of PVC window frames by microhardness analysis. J Appl Polym Sci 38:1879–1882CrossRef

Grassie N, Scott G (1988) Polymer degradation and stabilisation. Cambridge University Press

Grassie N, Weir NA (1965) Polymer photodegradation: mechanisms and experimental methods. J Appl Polym Sci 9:975–981CrossRef

Hon NS (1977) Photooxidative degradation of cellulose: reactions of the cellulosic free radicals with oxygen. J Polym Sci 15:725–744

Hoyle CE, Kim KJ (1987) Effect of crystallinity and flexibility on the photodegradation of polyurethanes. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 25(10):2631–2661CrossRef

Hoyle CE, Shah H, Moussa K (1996) Photolysis of methylene 4,4′-diphenyldiisocyanate-based polyurethane ureas and polyureas. Polym Durab 249(32):91–111CrossRef

Humphrey JS, Shultz AR, Jaquiss DBG (1973) Flash photochemical studies of polycarbonate and related model compounds, photodegradation vs. photo-fries rearrangement. Macromolecules 6:305–314CrossRef

Ikada E (1999) Relationship between Photodegradability and biodegradability of some aliphatic polyesters. J Photopolym Sci Technol 12(2):251–256CrossRef

Ionescu M (2005) Chemistry and technology of polyols for polyurethanes, 2nd edn. Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd.

IUPAC Gold Book (2019) Norrish Type I photoreaction (N04219). Retrieved from http://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/N04219 (accessed Aug 31, 2019)

Jortner J (1959) Photochemistry of cellulose acetate. J Polym Sci 37:199–214CrossRef

Kiatkamjornwong S, Sonsuk M, Wittayapichet S, Prasassarakich P, Vejjanukroh P (1999) Degradation of styrene-g-cassava starch filled polystyrene plastics. Polym Degrad Stab 66:323CrossRef

Kuzina SI, Mikhailov A (1998) Photocatalytic degradation of polystyrene plastic under fluorescent light. Eur Polym J 34:291–320CrossRef

Lemaire J, Gardette J-L, Rivaton A, Roger A (1986) Dual photochemistries in aliphatic polyamides, bisphenol A polycarbonate and aromatic polyurethanes—a short review. Polym Degrad Stab 15(1):1–13CrossRef

Liszkowska J, Borowicz M, Paciorek-Sadowska J, Isbrandt M, Czuprynski B, Moraczewski K (2019) Assessment of photodegradation and biodegradation of RPU/PIR foams modified by natural compounds of plant origin. Polymers 12(1):33CrossRef

Liu Y, Liu W, Hou M (2007) Metal dicarboxylates as thermal stabilizers for PVC. Polym Degrad Stab 92:1565–1571CrossRef

Lucki J, Ranby B (1979) Polymer degradation and stability. Pure Appl Chem 51(1):1–6

Merlin A, Fouassier JP (1982) Photochemical investigations into cellulosic materials. Photosensitized free radical generation in cellulose acetate and oligosaccharide compounds. Angew Makromol Chem 108:185–195CrossRef

Minsker K, Kolesov S, Zaikov G (1988) Degradation and stabilization of vinyl chloride based polymers. Pergamon Press, pp 78–82

Norrish RGW, Bamford CH (1937) Photo-decomposition of aldehydes and ketones. Nature 140(3535):195–196CrossRef

Phillipart JL, Sinturel C, Gardette JL (1997) Influence of light intensity on the photooxidation of polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 58:261–268CrossRef

Rabek J (1994) Polymer degradation mechanisms and experimental methods. Springer

Rabek JF (1995) Polymer Photodegradation: mechanisms and experimental methods. Chapman & HallCrossRef

Rabek J, Ranby B (1975) Photodegradation, Photooxidation and Photostabilization of polymers. Wiley

Ranby B, Lucki J (1980) New aspects of photodegradation and photooxidation of PS. Pure Appl Chem 52:295–303CrossRef

Rashvand M, Ranjbar Z, Rastegar S (2011) Nano zinc oxide as a UV-stabilizer for aromatic polyurethane coatings. Prog Org Coat 71(4):362–368CrossRef

Restrepo-Florez J-M, Bassi A, Thompson MR (2014) Microbial degradation and deterioration of polyethylene - a review. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 88:83–90CrossRef

Rivaton A (1995) Recent advances in bisphenol A polycarbonate photodegradation. Polym Degrad Stab 49:163–179CrossRef

Ruoko (2012) UV light induced degradation of polyethylene and polystyrene - spectroscopic and DSC study. Tampere University of Technology, MSc thesis

Sabaa M, Oraby E, Abdel Naby A, Mohamed R (2006) N-phenyl-3-substituted 5-pyrazolone derivatives as organic stabilizers for rigid poly(vinyl chloride) against photodegradation. J Appl Polym Sci 101:1543–1555CrossRef

Schnabel W (1981) Polymer degradation: principle and practical applications. In: Polymer degradation: principle and practical applications (chapter 14). Hanser Int

Singh B, Sharma N (2008) Mechanistic implications of plastic degradation. Polym Degrad Stab 93:56CrossRef

Suits LD, Hsuan YG (2003) Assessing the photo-degradation of Geosynthetics by outdoor exposure and laboratory Weatherometer. Geotext Geomembr 21(2):111–122CrossRef

Summers J, Rabinovitch E (1983) The chemical mechanisms of outdoor weathering in polyvinyl chloride. J Vinyl Technol 5(3):91–95CrossRef

Torikai A, Hasegawa H (1999) Accelerated photodegradation of poly(vinyl chloride). Polym Degrad Stab 63:441–445CrossRef

Torikai A, Mitsuoka T, Fueki K (1993) Wavelength sensitivity of the photoinduced reaction in polycarbonate. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 31:2785–2788CrossRef

Tsuji H, Echizen Y, Nishimura Y (2006) Photodegradation of biodegradable polyesters: a comprehensive study on poly(l-Lactide) and poly(ε-Caprolactone). Polym Degrad Stab 91(5):1128–1137CrossRef

Weir NA (1978) New aspect of photodegradation and photooxidation of polystyrene. Eur Polym J 14:9–14CrossRef

Wiles D (1978) Photostabilization of macromolecules by excited state quenching. Pure Appl Chem 50:291–297CrossRef

Wilhelm C, Gardette J-L (1998) Infrared analysis of the photochemical behaviour of segmented polyurethanes: aliphatic poly(ether-urethane)s. Polymer 39(24):5973–5980CrossRef

Xie F, Zhang T, Bryant P, Kurusingal V, Colwell JM, Laycock B (2019) Degradation and stabilization of polyurethane elastomers. Prog Polym Sci 90:211–268CrossRef

Yousif E, Hameed A (2010) Synthesis and photostability study of some modified poly(vinyl chloride) containing pendant benzothiazole and benzimidazole ring. Int J ChemTech Res 2(1):65–80

Yousif E, Salimon J, Salih N (2011) Photostability of poly(vinyl chloride). Dr. Muller Publisher, VDM Verlag

Yousif E, Ahmed A, Mahmoud M (2012) New organic photostabilizers for rigid PVC against Photodegradation. LAP, LAMBERT, Köln

Yu Q, Zhu S, Zhou W (1998) Peroxide induced crosslinking and degradation of polyvinyl chloride. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 36:851–860CrossRef

Titel: Plastics: Photodegradations and Mechanisms
verfasst von: A. Mohammed Ibrahim
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Buch: Microplastics and Pollutants
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-54564-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-54565-8

Copyright-Jahr: 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54565-8_2