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2024 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. Telecom Systems Timing

verfasst von : Nickolay Biriukov, Nataliya Triska

Erschienen in: Sync Problems Collection

Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland

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Abstract

This chapter describes how the basic timing concepts and models introduced in Chap. 1 are used to solve timing problems in real-world telecom systems.
We will consider:
  • Slip frequency and period estimation in digital switching centers (SC) connection (Sect. 2.1).
  • Synchronous and asynchronous multiplexing in PDH/SDH transmission system, including bit staffing, pointer justification, etc. (Sect. 2.2).
“Two generators problem” (GGP) cause slips (controlled or uncontrolled) in digital equipment/connections. The slip mechanism is discussed in Chap. 1 (Examples 1.12, 1.13, 1.14 and 1.15 and Exercises 1.19, 1.20 and 1.21). This chapter deals with controlled slip means only.

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Fußnoten
1
Quantile is showing that a given random variable does not exceed the given value with a fixed probability.
 
2
It shows that a given random variable does exceed the given value with a fixed probability.
 
3
Justification rate (stuffing rate)—the rate at which justifying digits are inserted or at which information digits are transmitted by other means [G.701].
 
4
ρnom is the justification rate that occurs when the digit rates of both the original signal and the justified signal are at their nominal values [G.701].
 
5
In the E22 frame, every E12 is allocated n = 206 bits (Table A.3).
 
6
The nominal half EM capacity is one UI.
 
7
The detailed information about SDH multiplexing principles, frame structure, and frequency justification by pointers can be found in ITU-T Recommendation G.707/Y.1322.
 
8
This phase offset is partially compensated by special correction circuits in SDH equipment.
 
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Biriukov, N.L., Triska, N.R., Schwartz, M.L.: The analysis of synchronization performance in tdm-based and packet-based transmission. Proceedings of Systems of Signal Synchronization, Generating and Processing in Telecommunications (SYNKHROINFO-2019) Conference (Yaroslavl, IEEE Conference Record № 47541). Electronic ISBN: 978-1-7281-3238-9. https://doi.org/10.1109/SYNCHROINFO.2019.8814031 Biriukov, N.L., Triska, N.R., Schwartz, M.L.: The analysis of synchronization performance in tdm-based and packet-based transmission. Proceedings of Systems of Signal Synchronization, Generating and Processing in Telecommunications (SYNKHROINFO-2019) Conference (Yaroslavl, IEEE Conference Record № 47541). Electronic ISBN: 978-1-7281-3238-9. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1109/​SYNCHROINFO.​2019.​8814031
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Biriukov, N., Triska, N.: Analysis of slip frequency in a plesiochronous connection. 8-th International Scientific Conference “Infocommunications—Present and Future”, 14–16 November 2018, Odessa National O.S. Popov Academy of Telecommunications. Conference Proceedings, pp. 342–345 Biriukov, N., Triska, N.: Analysis of slip frequency in a plesiochronous connection. 8-th International Scientific Conference “Infocommunications—Present and Future”, 14–16 November 2018, Odessa National O.S. Popov Academy of Telecommunications. Conference Proceedings, pp. 342–345
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Biriukov, N., Triska, N.: Ispolzovanie Puassonovskoy modeli dlya analiza proskalzyvania v plesiochronnom soyedinenii (The slip analysis in the plesiochronous connection usingb Poisson model). Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference “Modern challenges in Telecommunications”, National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Kyiv, 14–17 April 2020, pp. 145–147 Biriukov, N., Triska, N.: Ispolzovanie Puassonovskoy modeli dlya analiza proskalzyvania v plesiochronnom soyedinenii (The slip analysis in the plesiochronous connection usingb Poisson model). Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference “Modern challenges in Telecommunications”, National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Kyiv, 14–17 April 2020, pp. 145–147
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Sklar, B.: Digital Communications. Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edn. Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River (2001) Sklar, B.: Digital Communications. Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edn. Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River (2001)
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Tichonov, V.I.: Statisticheskaya radiotechnika, 3rd edn. Radio i sviaz, Moscow (1982) Tichonov, V.I.: Statisticheskaya radiotechnika, 3rd edn. Radio i sviaz, Moscow (1982)
Metadaten
Titel
Telecom Systems Timing
verfasst von
Nickolay Biriukov
Nataliya Triska
Copyright-Jahr
2024
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55428-5_2

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