1 Introduction
2 Definition of mobile work
2.1 Opportunities for mobile work
2.2 Challenges of mobile work
2.3 Work design characteristics for mobile work
2.4 Research questions
3 Method
3.1 The Delphi method
3.2 Procedure
-
Professional challenges and risks (What are the professional challenges and risks you see in the COVID-19 pandemic?)
-
Professional opportunities and possibilities (What are the professional opportunities and possibilities you see in the COVID-19 pandemic?)
-
Private challenges and risks (What are the private challenges and risks you see in the COVID-19 pandemic?)
-
Private opportunities and possibilities (What are the private opportunities and possibilities you see in the COVID-19 pandemic?)
3.3 Participants
4 Results
4.1 Scenarios for the future of work
Scenario | Dimensions | n | M | SD | Median | IQR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
26 Meetings rarely take place exclusively on site anymore. It must always be possible to add people to a meeting virtually so that all the necessary people can take part in a meeting | JAC(2); Tech | D | 93 | 2.04 | 1.4 | 2 | – |
EP 2030 | 93 | 85.23 | 15.67 | 90 | 21 | ||
Current state | 89 | 59.73 | 30.19 | 66 | 55 | ||
Mean difference | 87 | 25.91*** | – | – | – | ||
20 The necessity of each business trip is weighed up. Everything that can be handled adequately virtually will be done virtually | JAC(2) | D | 96 | 1.97 | 1.29 | 2 | – |
EP 2030 | 91 | 80.74 | 14.32 | 80 | (18) | ||
Current state | 88 | 71.74 | 27.3 | 80 | 34 | ||
Mean difference | 81 | 7.52** | – | – | – | ||
27 Remote work offerings are deliberately used by organizations to save costs (e.g., by dissolving rental space, needing less office cleaning, reducing the company car fleet, not needing support for canteen meals or coffee offerings in the office). These savings pay off—despite new investments in technical infrastructures or more mobile phone contracts | JAC(2) | D | 88 | 0.75 | 1.88 | 1 | – |
EP 2030 | 87 | 74.86 | 19.27 | 78 | 22.5 | ||
Current state | 85 | 36.61 | 24.37 | 31 | 44 | ||
Mean difference | 80 | 37.86*** | – | – | – | ||
31 Working remotely enables an extreme reduction in personal CO2 emissions. Through the reduced use of private and public transport and fewer business trips, every person working remotely makes a contribution to environmental protection | JAC(2) | D | 95 | 2.41 | 1.03 | 3 | – |
EP 2030 | 84 | 74.52 | 18.99 | 75 | (18.75) | ||
Current state | 78 | 59.17 | 27.92 | 66.5 | 42.5 | ||
Mean difference | 72 | 14.42*** | – | – | – | ||
34 Through the regular use of remote work, there is an opportunity to increasingly mix private and work life. The work–life integration of employees is being redefined. Employees can arrange their own working hours and distribute them flexibly throughout the day | JAC(2); JD | D | 89 | 1.97 | 1.28 | 2 | – |
EP 2030 | 88 | 72.88 | 19.99 | 75 | 25 | ||
Current state | 80 | 43.55 | 25.59 | 40 | 46 | ||
Mean difference | 76 | 29.19*** | – | – | – | ||
33 Regular remote work eliminates the need to commute or travel to work. This makes it easier to balance work and private life. Employees have more energy for private tasks and can better schedule daily recovery times | JAC(2); JD | D | 94 | 2.24 | 1.11 | 3 | – |
EP 2030 | 87 | 71.63 | 20.79 | 76 | (19) | ||
Current state | 82 | 50.2 | 23.29 | 50 | 35.75 | ||
Mean difference | 76 | 18.90*** | – | – | – | ||
12 Due to the regular work in the home office, managers have less insight into their employees’ work. As a result, management is results-oriented. This means that a certain amount of time is allocated to a task without the individual work steps and procedures being questioned and checked by the manager. Micro-management is a thing of the past | JAC(1); JAC(2); LS | D | 95 | 1.28 | 1.91 | 2 | – |
EP 2030 | 88 | 71.52 | 18.91 | 75 | (17.25) | ||
Current state | 81 | 45.79 | 25.5 | 40 | 40 | ||
Mean difference | 77 | 25.81*** | – | – | – | ||
10 Individual agreements (e.g., concerning place of work and working hours) are made between employees and the organization. In doing so, each employee’s individual wishes, which may vary between persons and may also change over time for individual employees, are taken into account. Adjustments can be made accordingly | JAC(1); JAC(2); LS | D | 97 | 2.11 | 1.32 | 2 | – |
EP 2030 | 91 | 70.64 | 22.6 | 75 | (19.5) | ||
Current state | 89 | 38.7 | 25.61 | 33 | 40 | ||
Mean difference | 82 | 30.46*** | – | – | – | ||
29 Employees do not have a fixed workplace. Instead, they look for a suitable working environment, depending on the activity: for example, a quiet room for concentrated work or a modern idea room for creative work | JAC(2) | D | 88 | 0.78 | 1.99 | 1 | – |
EP 2030 | 91 | 69.14 | 23.84 | 75 | 25 | ||
Current state | 85 | 30.59 | 23.03 | 23 | 28 | ||
Mean difference | 82 | 37.90*** | – | – | – | ||
8 Regular use of remote work requires a high degree of self-management skills from employees in order to be able to use the new work situation effectively. The risk of psychological stress in the workplace increases. Employees must shape their work and working conditions themselves and receive appropriate support from the organization in order to successfully master the challenges | JAC(1); JAC(2); SVU; JD | D | 89 | 1.3 | 1.81 | 2 | – |
EP 2030 | 89 | 68.07 | 20.84 | 71 | (20) | ||
Current state | 89 | 41.16 | 27.55 | 35 | 43 | ||
Mean difference | 83 | 26.07*** | – | – | – | ||
6 Social contacts are becoming more relevant due to the isolation in the home office. Offices are evolving from pure workspaces into social meeting spaces and socialization venues for employees | JAC(2); Social | D | 95 | 1.58 | 1.4 | 2 | – |
EP 2030 | 83 | 65.93 | 22.18 | 70 | (20) | ||
Current state | 84 | 40.85 | 28.4 | 31 | 47 | ||
Mean difference | 76 | 24.66*** | – | – | – | ||
11 Regular remote work reduces communication and exchange between employees. As a result, they are increasingly dependent on feedback from others, which is also provided by digital tools | JAC(2); JF; Social; Tech | D | 91 | −0.18 | 1.77 | 0 | – |
EP 2030 | 83 | 65.25 | 25.03 | 71 | 27 | ||
Current state | 81 | 37.3 | 27.43 | 32 | 48 | ||
Mean difference | 75 | 27.61*** | – | – | – | ||
25 Work is flexible for employees. Working remotely is not only possible from home but also from anywhere in the world. Many people no longer have just one place of residence and work but several (e.g., in the country and in the city, or even at home and abroad) | JAC(2) | D | 88 | 1.61 | 1.61 | 2 | – |
EP 2030 | 85 | 62.79 | 25.44 | 65 | 30 | ||
Current state | 86 | 29.37 | 24.68 | 23.5 | 30 | ||
Mean difference | 80 | 32.23*** | – | – | – | ||
5 Virtual meetings are no longer run via video conferences or telephone calls. Advances in digitization and virtualization have made classic live meetings possible in virtual space. Virtual meetings hardly differ from traditional meetings anymore | JAC(2); Tech | D | 88 | 1.32 | 1.53 | 1.5 | – |
EP 2030 | 88 | 61.74 | 28.25 | 70 | 44.25 | ||
Current state | 91 | 16.12 | 25.25 | 5 | (20) | ||
Mean difference | 84 | 43.89*** | – | – | – | ||
2 In order to support employees in remote work in using their individual resources and reducing demands, companies provide employees with analysis options (e.g., in the form of questionnaires). With the evaluation of the questionnaire, the employees receive tips, hints, and support offers tailored to them | JF; JD | D | 88 | 1.18 | 1.71 | 2 | – |
EP 2030 | 74 | 61.64 | 27.75 | 68.5 | 40 | ||
Current state | 80 | 18.55 | 21.28 | 10 | 29 | ||
Mean difference | 68 | 41.90*** | – | – | – | ||
28 Regular remote work means that new leadership structures are needed. Shared leadership, in which all team members take on certain leadership tasks in individual phases (such as coordinating tasks, setting priorities, showing mutual appreciation, or initiating change), is establishing itself as a new leadership paradigm | JAC(1); JAC(2); SVU; Social; LS | D | 87 | 1.66 | 1.41 | 2 | – |
EP 2030 | 80 | 59.5 | 23.65 | 65 | 26.25 | ||
Current state | 87 | 26.31 | 21.84 | 20 | 29 | ||
Mean difference | 77 | 32.23*** | – | – | – | ||
19 Regular remote work means that employees are much less tied to the organization. As a result, they change organizations more frequently and more quickly | JAC(2) | D | 83 | −1.59 | 1.33 | −2 | – |
EP 2030 | 84 | 57.96 | 23.41 | 63.5 | 35 | ||
Current state | 78 | 27.36 | 20.76 | 24.5 | 30 | ||
Mean difference | 72 | 27.59*** | – | – | – | ||
3 Working from a home office means that tasks need to be more clearly defined, formulated, and mapped out. This makes it easy to relocate work packages worldwide and creates an openness to outsourcing individual work orders. Work packages are outsourced worldwide via platforms. These individual tasks, which are often temporary, are taken on by contractors from all over the world or mobile, independent “working nomads.” | JAC(1); JAC(2); SVU | D | 86 | −0.93 | 1.88 | −2 | – |
EP 2030 | 84 | 57.82 | 25.83 | 65 | 36.25 | ||
Current state | 84 | 26.74 | 21.44 | 23.5 | 29.25 | ||
Mean difference | 79 | 30.60*** | – | – | – | ||
32 Employees have the impression that they have to be available all the time. The assumption of constant availability makes switching off almost impossible and leads to stress | JAC(2); JD | D | 95 | −2.43 | 1 | −3 | – |
EP 2030 | 87 | 56.99 | 25.63 | 62 | 36.5 | ||
Current state | 81 | 54.31 | 25.63 | 60 | 45 | ||
Mean difference | 77 | 4.17 | – | – | – | ||
1 Employees seek out off-site co-working spaces close to home where they can work undisturbed while making valuable social and work-related connections with people outside their own organizations | JAC(2); Social | D | 84 | 1.08 | 1.78 | 1.5 | – |
EP 2030 | 83 | 56.61 | 25.59 | 60 | 40 | ||
Current state | 87 | 16.91 | 15.84 | 12 | (16.5) | ||
Mean difference | 79 | 39.03*** | – | – | – | ||
22 Virtual meetings are supported by artificial intelligence, which, for example, takes over the structuring and logging of the meeting and automatically provides suitable additional information as needed, depending on the statements of the participants | Social; Tech | D | 88 | 0.91 | 1.75 | 1 | – |
EP 2030 | 84 | 55.73 | 26.74 | 60 | 45.75 | ||
Current state | 88 | 6.1 | 9.9 | 0 | (10) | ||
Mean difference | 81 | 48.46*** | – | – | – | ||
17 Due to regular remote work, employees have a higher risk of working more than they should. Excessive working, work intensification, and the resulting consequences for health (e.g., burnout) are a major problem | JAC(2); JD | D | 93 | −2.54 | 0.94 | −3 | – |
EP 2030 | 81 | 55.56 | 25.9 | 62 | 40 | ||
Current state | 82 | 53.43 | 25.43 | 60 | 38 | ||
Mean difference | 74 | 1.69 | – | – | – | ||
24 In order to stay connected with colleagues working virtually, organizations use virtual tunnels for informal communication. In certain rooms (e.g., the kitchen or break rooms), there are on-site screens on which colleagues working remotely can be connected in order to promote spontaneous and informal exchange between all employees | Social; Tech | D | 91 | 0.6 | 2.07 | 1 | – |
EP 2030 | 86 | 54.21 | 29.89 | 65 | 50.25 | ||
Current state | 91 | 15.04 | 20.23 | 7 | 22.5 | ||
Mean difference | 83 | 37.74*** | – | – | – | ||
30 Regular remote work reduces communication and exchange between employees on the same team. There is a shared understanding (shared mental models) about competencies within the team, tasks (goals), times (deadlines, processing times), and the shared use of technologies. This shared understanding enables high performance | JAC(1); JAC(2); Social | D | 83 | −0.2 | 2.05 | −1 | – |
EP 2030 | 77 | 54.18 | 26.63 | 60 | 40 | ||
Current state | 76 | 34.41 | 24.1 | 30 | 42 | ||
Mean difference | 70 | 18.59*** | – | – | – | ||
23 Regular remote work puts a strain on employees’ social structures. More effort has to be made to stay in contact with colleagues and to build collegial relationships with each other. The working atmosphere in organizations often seems cool, and communication has a strong focus on work-related topics | JAC(2); Social; JD | D | 95 | −1.86 | 1.43 | −2 | – |
EP 2030 | 84 | 53.42 | 25.6 | 60 | 45 | ||
Current state | 85 | 49.91 | 25.08 | 59 | 40 | ||
Mean difference | 79 | 3.95 | – | – | – | ||
15 Employees who regularly work remotely are more focused and efficient. This results in higher productivity, which supports the introduction of the 4‑day week | JAC(2) | D | 91 | 1.54 | 1.75 | 2 | – |
EP 2030 | 81 | 50.84 | 29.09 | 50 | 47 | ||
Current state | 85 | 21.89 | 21.85 | 15 | 25 | ||
Mean difference | 74 | 28.55*** | – | – | – | ||
13 Regular remote work increasingly leads to individual overload, which affects both work and private life. People who live with others (e.g., couples, families, shared apartments) are easily irritable. People who live alone become lonely | JAC(2); Social; JD | D | 94 | −2.68 | 0.59 | −3 | – |
EP 2030 | 86 | 50.34 | 25 | 55.5 | 40.75 | ||
Current state | 86 | 57.34 | 25.05 | 63.5 | 44 | ||
Mean difference | 79 | −5.96 | – | – | – | ||
35 Regular remote work results in the loss of professional networks within the organization. This has a negative impact on the sharing of knowledge within organizations and learning from each other, as well as on the career opportunities of individuals | SVU; JF; Social | D | 93 | −2.35 | 1.01 | −3 | – |
EP 2030 | 85 | 46.07 | 24.99 | 49 | 45 | ||
Current state | 83 | 44.94 | 28.46 | 40 | 50 | ||
Mean difference | 76 | 1.09 | – | – | – | ||
9 In organizations, those who play a major role in decision-making will be found on site. Those who do more of the legwork will work remotely | JAC(1); JAC(2); LS | D | 79 | −1.47 | 1.53 | −2 | – |
EP 2030 | 84 | 45.93 | 27.48 | 42.5 | 45.25 | ||
Current state | 83 | 41.08 | 29.63 | 33 | 54.5 | ||
Mean difference | 77 | 6.05* | – | – | – | ||
14 Working remotely becomes a status symbol and motivational element. Employees are rewarded for their good work by the company granting them workdays at home | LS | D | 88 | −1.5 | 1.94 | −2 | – |
EP 2030 | 79 | 41.43 | 30.77 | 34 | 54.5 | ||
Current state | 76 | 25.79 | 25.5 | 20 | 36.25 | ||
Mean difference | 71 | 12.71*** | – | – | – | ||
21 The performance evaluation of employees is done by machine. Not only is the quantity of work affected, but the quality of the work is also evaluated automatically via an algorithm without a human being involved | JF; LS; Tech | D | 93 | −2.19 | 1.38 | −3 | – |
EP 2030 | 86 | 40.07 | 26.54 | 32 | 40 | ||
Current state | 87 | 12 | 15.8 | 5 | (18.5) | ||
Mean difference | 82 | 27.47*** | – | – | – | ||
4 Virtuality in meetings makes overarching strategic exchange within organizations more difficult. Far-reaching agreements on complex issues and strategic decisions cannot be reached in virtual meetings. Viable solutions fail to materialize | JAC(1) | D | 90 | −2.23 | 1.23 | −3 | – |
EP 2030 | 81 | 35.51 | 27.77 | 27 | 42 | ||
Current state | 86 | 37.21 | 27.74 | 28 | 43 | ||
Mean difference | 77 | 0.28 | – | – | – | ||
18 Regular remote work reduces involvement in the work. Employees are less engaged in their work, rarely show any willingness to help, and hardly ever bring new ideas into their work | JAC(2); SVU; Social | D | 91 | −2.62 | 0.73 | −3 | – |
EP 2030 | 82 | 32.39 | 24.09 | 25 | 32.5 | ||
Current state | 82 | 27.48 | 21.92 | 20 | 26.5 | ||
Mean difference | 76 | 4.47 | – | – | – | ||
7 Instead of working, employees exploit remote work for private purposes. During working hours, they meet with private contacts, occupy themselves with their own property (e.g., house and garden work), or pursue private sideline activities | JAC(2) | D | 90 | −1.96 | 1.51 | −3 | – |
EP 2030 | 76 | 27.46 | 21.74 | 21.5 | 21.75 | ||
Current state | 80 | 26.24 | 22.64 | 20 | 21 | ||
Mean difference | 71 | 0.78 | – | – | – | ||
16 Digital monitoring programs are experiencing brisk sales. Videos of an employee’s screen are recorded at regular intervals. Every 10 min, the webcam also snaps a photo to ensure that employees are available at their workstations | JAC(1); LS; Tech | D | 97 | −2.9 | 0.42 | −3 | – |
EP 2030 | 84 | 27.15 | 24.05 | 20 | 25.25 | ||
Current state | 89 | 8.19 | 10.28 | 4 | (12) | ||
Mean difference | 81 | 18.33*** | – | – | – |