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5. As Jewish Women: In America—On the Jewish Street

verfasst von : Shelby Shapiro

Erschienen in: Words to the Wives

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Abstract

How did these publications view assimilation, and what were their approaches toward two of the most popular ideologies on the Jewish Street—Zionism in its many varieties, and Socialism? What did these publishers, writers, and editors have to say about a way forward for coming generations through the medium of some form of Jewish education, be it religious, political, or cultural? How would parents raise their children to not assimilate? These questions animated the Jewish Street and the publications in its newsstands. Writers discussed these issues on the front page, the editorial page, and, of course, the women’s page. Education for Jewish youth—in America designated the duty of women in the home—likewise was a common theme in sections of a publication aimed at women.

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Vorheriges Kapitel As American Women: In America—on Main Street

Nächstes Kapitel The Feminization of Jewish Holidays

Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 98.

“ ‘Minhag America,’ ” Dos yidishes tageblatt, March 12, March 13, and March 14, 1919.

“75-yehrige yubileum fun templ emnual,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 18/April 1920; “Seventy-Five Years Reform,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 18/April 1920; “Orthodox Jews, Wake Up!” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 21/December 1920

“Fifty Years of Reform,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 25/December 1922.

Gedaliah Bublick, “Dos ‘tageblat’ un ortodokishes yudentum in amerike,” in Finf un zibetsik yor yidishe prese in amerike, 1870–1945, J. Glatstein, Sh. Niger, and H. Rogoff, eds., 80 (New York: Y. L. Peretz Shrayber Farayn, 1945).

H., “Vegen der emune fun di reformirt iden,” Der tog, 11/February 1919; on Reform Judaism and intermarriage, see “Reform Jews and Jewish Nationalism,” Der tog, 17/May 1923; see, also, H., “Vi azoy iden asimiliren zikh in amerika,” Der tog, 21/May 1917; Dr K. Fornberg, “Asimilatsie un gemishte hayraten,” Der tog, 23/November 1925.

John J. Smertenko, “Dr. Stephen S. Wise—Man and Leader,” Der tog, 16/March 1924.

“Dr. vayz’es farbrekhen un shtrof,” Der tog, 30/December 1925.

“Khanike un unzere kinder,” Di froyen-velt, December 1913, 3.

Heinze, Adapting to Abundance, 77.

Jenna Weissman Joselit, “‘Merry Chanuka’: The Changing Holiday Practices of American Jews, 1880–1950,” in The Uses of Tradition: Jewish Continuity in the Modern Era, ed. Jack Wertheimer, 306–7 (New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1992); Jenna Weissman Joselit, The Wonders of America: Reinventing Jewish Culture, 1880–1950 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1994), 230–33.

Louis Finkelstein, The Jews: Their History, Culture, and Religion, vol. 2 of The Jewish Religion: Its Beliefs and Practices, ed. Louis Finkelstein, 1785 (New York: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 1949).

Ella Blum, “Bikher far unzere kinder,” Froyen zhurnal, December 1923, 6.

Arthur A. Goren, “Zionism in the Promised Land,” in American Jewry: Transcending the European Experience? Christian Wiese and Cornelia Wilhelm, eds. (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2017), 262.

Bertha Broido, “In der froyen velt,” Froyen zhurnal, December 1922, 9; see, also, “Her Awakening: The Confession of Mme. Sarah Bernhardt,” Froyen zhurnal, January 1923, 63.

Bertha Broido, “In der froyen velt,” Froyen zhurnal, June-July 1923, 5; Sh. Y. Dorfzohn, “Nokh’n idishen froyen kongres,” Froyen zhurnal, August 1923, 15.

Dr B. Gitlin [A. Almi/Eliash], “Di idishe froy un der keren heysod,” Froyen zhurnal, April 1923, 33; Rae Raskin, “Di ‘hadasa’ un ihr arbeyt,” Froyen zhurnal, June–July 1923, 11.

Mordecai Dantzis, “Di amerikaner idisher froy,” Froyen zhurrnal, October 1923, 10.

Rae Raskin, “Di ‘hadasa’ un ihr arbeyt,” Froyen zhurnal, June-July 1923, 11.

McCune, “The Whole Wide World Without Limits,” 26.

Mary McCune, “Formulating the ‘Women’s Interpretation of Zionism’: Hadassah Recruitment of Non-Zionist American Women, 1914–1930,” in American Jewish Women and the Zionist Enterprise, Shulamit Reinharz and Mark A. Raider, eds., 90–91 (Waltham: Brandeis University Press, 2005).

Shulamit Reinharz, “Irma ‘Rama’ Lindheim: An Independent American Zionist Woman,” in American Jewish Women and the Zionist Enterprise, Shulamit Reinharz and Mark A. Raider, eds. (Waltham: Brandeis University Press, 2005), 263.

See, for example, “Ten Year Old Hadassah,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 21/March 1922; I. L. Bril, “Twelve Years of Hadassah,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 21/March 1924.

Mordecai Dantzis, “Di froy in tsionizm,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 26/July 1914.

Shlomo Noble, “Pre-Herzlian Zionism in America as Reflected in the Yiddish Press,” in Early History of Zionism in America, ed. Isidore S. Meyer, 39 (New York: American Jewish Historical Society and Theodor Herzl Foundation, 1958); Hyman B. Grinstein, “Orthodox Judaism and Early Zionism in Amerca,” in Early History of Zionism in America, ed. Isidore S. Meyer, 219 (New York: American Jewish Historical Society; Theodor Herzl Foundation, 1958); Walter Laqueur, A History of Zionism (New York: Schocken Books, 1972), 75.

Noble, “Pre-Herzlian Zionism in America,” 39, 43; Grinstein, “Orthodox Judaism and Early Zionism,” 219; for the Hovevi/Hibbat Zion connection, see Rebecca Kobrin, Jewish Bialystok and Its Diaspora (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010), 269–70 n. 136.

American Jewish Committee, “Federation of American Zionists,” American Jewish Year Book 1 (1899–1900): 36, 41.

“Der kapitel tsionistishe konvenshons,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 21/June 1914; Eliash, “Di tekhter fun tsion,” Dos ydishes tageblatt, 1/July 1915; Alf-Lamed, “Tekhter fun tsion,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 24/October 1918.

Mordecai Dantzi, “Di froy in tsionizm,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 26/July 1914; Eliash, “Idishe froyen in natsionalen lager,” Dos ydishes tageblatt, 7/July 1916.

Ray Bril, “Lady Astor Declares That She is a Firm Friend of the Jews,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 25/April 1922; “Sarah Bernhardt Hears the Call of Her People,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 1/September 1922.

“George Eliot,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 4/August 1919.

“The Mother of Zionism,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 8/March 1921.

John Higham, “The Transformation of the Statue of Liberty,” in Send These to Me: Immigrants in Urban America, ed. John Higham, 73, 74, 77 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975).

“Di mizrakhi konvenshon in amerika,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 28/May 1916.

“Di konvenshon fun ‘mizrakhi’ in niu york,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 1/April 1915; “Dos ‘tageblatt’ ihre idealn un pflikhten,” 2/October 1914; Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 205.

“The Turning of the Wheel,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 29/April 1915.

“Di mizrakhi konvenshon in amerika,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 28/May 1916.

I. L. Bril, “The Duty of Orthodox Jews,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 11/May 1925.

Jonathan D. Sarna, American Judaism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 205.

Ben-Zion, “Horav kuk tret aroys gegen froyen shtimrekht,” Dos yidishesw tageblatt, 9/November 1919; “Froyenshtimrekht in palestina,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 10/November 1919; “Grindungs ferzamlung un froyen-shtimrekht in palestina,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 27/February 1920.

Margalit Shilo, Girls of Liberty: The Struggle for Suffrage in Mandatory Palestine (Waltham: Brandeis University Press, 2016), 77.

H., “Identum un di glaykhe rekhte far froyen,” Der tog, 26/April 1917.

Adella Kean, “In der froyen velt,” Der tog, 11/August 1921.

Dr K. Fornberg, “Di moyre far froyen,” Der tog, 23/June 1925.

“Notitsen fun der froyen-velt,” Forverts, 26./July 1925; “Notitsen fun der froyen-velt,” Forverts, 16/August 1925.

McCune, “The Whole Wide World Without Limits,” 129–30.

Gedaliah Bublick, “Dos ‘tageblat’ un ortodoksishes yidentum in amerike,” in Finf un zibetsik yor yidishe prese in amerike, 1875–1945, J. Glatstein, Sh. Niger and H. Rogoff, eds. (NY: Y. L. Peretz Farayn, 1945), 79–81.

“Let Them Resign,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 15/October 1916; Isidor Zar, “Zionism and Socialism as Viewed by a Poale Zionist,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 28/July 1916.

Masthead, Dos yidishes tageblatt, 26/November 1914.

G. Zelikowitch, “Hayntige yontef fun 4ten—un dem iden’s hofnung,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 4/July 1915.

“Pesakh,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 30/March 1923; see, also, “Yontef fun der tsukunft,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 17/April, 1916; Dos yidishes tageblatt, “Kum tsu der groyser yontef,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 22/April 1921.

“Der yontef fun der tsukunft,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 17/April 1916.

Ch., “Der yontef fun idisher befrayung,” Der tog, 19/April 1924; “Hayntiger pesakh,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 6/April 1917.

Eliash, “Di idishe froy um khanike,” Dos ydishes tageblatt, 9/December 1917.

Di Litvishe Khakheymnis, “Khanike, der yontef fun likht—zayn nayer zinen fir froyen,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 6/December 1915; Di Litvishe Khakheymnis, “Khanike, der yontef fun likht—zayn nayer zinen fir froyen,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 4/December 1918.

I. L. Bril, “Chanukah,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 11/December 1925.

“Mr. zangvil un di idishe tsukunft in amerika,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 27/January 1914; “Di khasenes tsvishen idishe tekhter un italianer,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 6/July 1915.

I. L. Bril, “Chanukah,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 11/December 1925; see, also, I. L. Bril, “Towards Chanukah,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 15/December 1919; I. L. Bril, “Kindle the Lights!” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 5/December 1920; I. L. Bril, “If I Were not a Zionist,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 2/December 1923; I. L. Bril, “Chanukah,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 3/December 1923.

See, for example, “Khanike fir unzer yugend,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 13/December 1914; “A khanike unter naye umshtenden,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 28/November 1918; “Khanike,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 5/December 1920; “Dos likht fun khanike,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 14/December 1922; Tsvi Katz, “Khanike, der yon-tef fun benayung,” Dos yidishes tasgeblatt, 24/December 1924.

Dr S. Pieterushka, “Khanike,” in Yidishe folks-entsiklopedie, vol. 1, 2nd rev. ed. (NY: Farlag Gilead, 1949), 889–91;“Khanike,” Der tog, 12/December 1925; see, also, Joseph Margoshes, “For vos iden feyern khanike,” Der tog, 2/December 1915.

“Elf yohr ‘tog’,” Der tog, 5/November 1925.

Ezekiel Rabinovitsh, “Hadasa,” Der tog, 24/June 1917; Ezekiel Rabinovitsh, “Hadasa konvenshon,” Der tog, 28/June 1917; Ish Emes, “Darfen tsionistishe froyen maken shabos far zikh?” Der tog, 12/January 1918.

Sh. P. Rubin, “Di yugend in der tsionistisher bavegung,” Der tog, 7/August 1916; K. Veytman, “Di ‘yong zhudia,’ an organizatsion fun der idealistisher idisher yugend,” Der tog, 19/December 1920; Ben Joseph, “Young Judea,” Der tog, 23/November 1924.

“Zayt ihr gute iden? Vert mizrakhi members!” Advertisement, Der tog, 23 April 1919.

See, for example, J. Foshko, “Der historisher kaboles ponim,” Der tog, 5/April 1921 (editorial cartoon); Joel Slonim, “Madam vaysman, a doktor fun medisin, dertsehlt ven zi iz gevoren tsionistin un vi azoy zi helf ihr man,” Der tog, 11/April 1921.

Marion Weinstein, “Mrs. dzshosef felz vegen singel teks un tsionizm,” Der tog, 13/March 1916; for Mary Fels, see Elliott Weinbaum, “Fels, Mary (1863–1953),” in Jewish Women in America: A Historical Encyclopedia, Paula E. Hyman and Deborah Dash Moore, eds. (New York: Routledge, 1997), 406–7.

“Sarah un sore,” Der tog, 31/August 1922; Norman Hapgood, “The Melting Pot—What May Be Said for and Against It,” Der tog, 11/January 1925; “Mr. hepgud un der ‘shmeltstop,’” Der tog, 11/January 1925; Maxmillian Hurwitz, “Is Zionism Compatible with Americanism?” Der tog, 3/May 1925.

Jean Jaffe, “The American Jewish Muse,” Der tog, 17/August 1924; this article discusses not only Lazarus’s “Epistle to the Hebrews,” but also “The New Colossus.”

Maxmillian Hurwitz, “Is Zionism Compatible with Americanism?” Der tog, 3/May 1925.

Dr Chaim Zhitlowsky, “Hertsl-kult,” Der tog, 24/February 1915; Dr Chaim Zhitlowsky, “Idishistisher tsionizm,” Der tog, 3/March 1918; Dr Nachman Syrkin, “Idish oder hebreyish?” Der tog, 3/June 1916; Sh. Niger, “The Believer, in Memory of Dr Nachman Syrkin,” Der tog, 21/September 1924; Maurice Samuel, “The Birthday of Our Independence,” Der tog, 31/April 1924; Rabbi Joseph L. Baron, “The Soul of a Nation, an Essay on Ahad Ha’Am,” Der tog, 24/August 1924.

Laqueur, A History of Zionism, 96, 162–66.

Arthur Goren, “Spiritual Zionists and Jewish Sovereignty,” in The Americanization of the Jews, Robert M. Seltzer and Norman J. Cohen, eds. (New York: New York University Press, 1995), 168–69.

“Shevuoth Harvest Festival,” Der tog, 2/June 1922.

“Shevues,” Der tog, 21/May 1923.

Ch., “Vi azoy iden hoben amol gelebt,” Der tog, 8/June 1924.

Hillel Rogoff, Der gayst fun “forverts” (materialn tsu der geshikhte fun der idisher prese in amerike) (NY: Forwards, 1954), 93.

“Vote for the Socialist Party,” Forverts, 22/October 1925.

“A bintel brief,” Forverts, 24/February 1922.

“Dos ‘tageblatt’ ihre idealn un pflikhten,” 2/October 1914.

Arthur Gorenstein, “A Portrait of Ethnic Politics: The Socialists and the 1908 and 1910 Congressional Elections on the East Side,” Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 50, no. 3 (March 1961): 203, 210, 214, 216–218, 223.

Historian Maxine S. Sellers, in “Defining Socialist Womanhood” and “World of Our Mothers,” only used the women’s pages in the 1919 issues of Forverts. In that year, the number of mentions of, or articles about, Socialism ranked seventh, with five mentions, while the number of articles about, or mentions of, labor unions, ranked fifth, with seven mentions.

Judith Kopf, “Bilbulim vos vern gemakht oyf der itsiger froy,” Forverts, 10/June 1923.

Judith Kopf, “Di tsvey froyen-partayen velkhe kempfen far froyen rekhte,” Forverts, 31/July 1923.

Judith Kopf, “Der shaden vos ‘glaykhe’ rekht far froyen vet breyngen der arbeyter-froy,” Forverts, 25/July 1923.

Judith Kopf, “Vos di arbeyter-froy darf thon um tsu krigen folshtendige rekhte,” Forverts, 23/August 1923.

Sadie Vinokur, “Di froy vos iz itst on der shpitse fun ale yunions in england,” Forverts, 28/October 1923; “Notitsen fun der froyen-velt,” Forverts, 18/November 1923; “Notitsen fun der froyen-velt,” Forverts, 23/December 1923; “Notitsen fun der froyen-velt,” Forverts, 3/February 1924; see, also, “Notitsen fun der froyen-velt,” Forverts, 1/November 1925.

Gil Rebak, “‘You Can’t Recognize America’: American Jewish Perceptions of Anti-Semitism as a Transnational Phenomenon after the First World War,” in American Jewry: Transcending the European Experience?, Christian Wiese and Cornelia Wilhelm, eds., 283 (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2017).

Tony Michels, “Socialism with a Jewish Face: The Origins of the Yiddish-Speaking Communist Movement in the United States, 1907–1923,” in Yiddish and the Left: Papers of the Third Mendel Friedman International Conference on Yiddish, Gennady Estraikh and Mikhail Krutikov, eds., 36 (Oxford: Legenda, 2001).

Daniel Soyer, “Abraham Cahan’s Travels in Jewish Homelands: Palestine in 1925 and the Soviet Union in 1927,” in Yiddish and the Left: Papers of the Third Mendel Friedman International Conference on Yiddish, Gennady Estraikh and Mikhail Krutikov, eds., 60–61 (Oxford: Legenda, 2001).

H. B. [Hertz Burgin], “Tipen fun froyen in befrayungs-kampf fun rusland,” Forverts, 1/September 1918; H. B., “Di role fun der rusisher skhul-lererin in der befrayungs-bevegung,” Forverts, 8/September 1918; H. B., H “Di rusishe froy in der revolutsionarer bevegung,” Forverts, 15/September 1918; H. B., “Froyen fun hekhere rusishe klasen in der befrayungs-bevegung in rusland,” Forverts, 22/September 1918; H. B., “Di rusishe froy nokh der revolutsion 1905–1906,” Forverts, 29/September 1918; see, also, “Notitsen fun der froyen-velt,” Forverts, 7/April 1918; on Hertz Burgin, see Zalman Rejzen, “Burgin, herts (shmuel),” in Leksikosn fun der yidisher literatur, prese un filologye, vol. 1, ed. Zalman Rejzen, 247–50 (Vilna: Kletzkin Farlag, 1928); Shmuel Niger and Jacob Shatzky, “Burgin, herts,” in Der leksikon fun der nayer yidisher literatur, vol. 1, Shmuel Niger, Jacob Shatzky, and Moshe Starkman, eds., 270–71 (New York: Congress for Jewish Culture, Inc., 1956); Elias Schulman, “Burgin, herts,” in Leksikon fun forverts shrayber, Elias Schulman and Simon Weber., eds., 10 (NY: Forward Association, Inc., 1982).

M. Tsipin, “Di froy in nayem rusland,” Forverts, 3/November 1918.

M. Nagel, “Lenen’s froy,” Forverts, 12/October 1919; “Lenin’s froy erklehrt vi azoy men darf ertsihen kinder,” Forverts, 15/August 1920.

“Notitsen fun der froyen-velt,” Forverts, 4/October 1925.

“Leshono toyvo,” Forverts, 16/September 1917.

A. Litvak, “Der yontef fun frayheyt,” Forverts, 7/April 1917; “Pesakh,” Forverts, 1/April 1923.

“Pesakh,” Forverts, 1/April 1923.

Schneier Zalman Levenberg, “Marx, Karl Heinrich,” in Encyclopaedia Judaica, vol. 11, Cecil Roth and Geoffrey Wigoder, eds., 1074 (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd., 1972); for an extended discussion of Marx, Jews, Judaism and antisemitism, see Gareth Stedman Jones, Karl Marx: Greatness and Illusion (Penguin Books, 2016, 2017), 165–167; see, also, Robert S. Wistrich, From Ambivalence to Betrayal: The Left, the Jews, and Israel (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2012).

“Pesakh,” Forverts, 1/April 1923.

100

“Pesakh,” Forverts, 1/April 1923.

101

“Khanike,” Forverts, 23/December 1916.

102

“Der ‘zieg’ fun tsionismus un di sotsialistishe oyfklerung fun der masen,” Forverts, 1/December 1917.

103

Ab. Cahan, “Di tsionisten makhen a zeher falshen shrit,” Forverts, 17/February 1919.

104

“Iden zeynen opgenart gevoren fun england un palestina iz nit keyn idish heym—zogt zangvil,” Forverts, 23/August 1920.

105

“A idishe land ohn iden!,” Forverts, 24/September 1920.

106

B. Charney Vladeck, “Mayne gefihlen tsum tsionizm,” Forverts, 4/June 1921.

107

Nathaniel Zalowitz, “Can Palestine Become the National Homeland of the Jewish People?” Forverts, 2/September 1923; Nathaniel Zalowitz, “There Can Be No Security for Jewsih [Sic] People in Palestine,” Forverts, 9/September 1923; for Zalowitz, see Elias Schulman, Leksikon fun forverts shrayber (NY: Forward Association, 1986), 32.

108

Nathaniel Zalowitz, “The American Jew and Zionism,” Forverts, 19/August 1923.

109

Ab. Cahan,, “Abraham Cahan’s Cables from Palestine,” Forverts, 10/October 1925; Daniel Soyer, “Abraham Cahan’s Travels in Jewish Homelands: Palestine in 1925 and the Soviet Union in 1927,” in Yiddish and the Left: Papers of the Third Mendel Friedman International Conference on Yiddish, Gennady Estraikh and Mikhail Krutikov, eds., 62 (Oxford: Legenda, 2001); Yaakov Goldstein, “American Jewish Socialists’ Attitude to Zionism and Palestine in the 1920s,” YIVO Annual 23 (1996): 427.

110

Yaakov Goldstein, “American Jewish Socialists’ Attitude to Zionism and Palestine in the 1920s,” YIVO Annual 23 (1996): 430.

111

Ab. Cahan, “What the Jews of the World See in the Zionist Movement,” Forverts, 25/November 1925; Yaakov Goldstein, “American Jewish Socialists’ Attitude to Zionism and Palestine in the 1920s,” YIVO Annual 23 (1996): 427–28A; Daniel Soyer, “Abraham Cahan’s Travels in Jewish Homelands: Palestine in 1925 and the Soviet Union in 1927,” in Yiddish and the Left: Papers of the Third Mendel Friedman International Conference on Yiddish, Gennady Estraikh and Mikhail Krutikov, eds., 63 (Oxford: Legenda, 2001).

112

Albert Waldinger, “Abraham Cahan and Palestine,” Jewish Social Studies 39, no. 1–2 (Winter-Spring 1977): 76.

113

Goldstein, “American Jewish Socialists’ Attitude to Zionism,” 430A; see, also, Ruth R. Wisse, “Ups and Downs of Yiddish in America,” in Yiddish in America: Essays on Yiddish Culture in the Golden Land, ed. Edward S. Shapiro, 8–9 (Scranton: University of Scranton Press, 2008).

114

See, for example, Zivion (Benzion Hoffman), “Di debate iber di artiklen vegen palestina,” Forverts, 28/December 1925; Zivion, “Di debate iber di artiklen vegen palestina,” Forverts, 29/December 1925.

115

Goldstein, “American Jewish Socialists’ Attitude to Zionism,” 432 et seq.

116

Eliash, “Di froy un elul,” Dos ydishes tageblatt, 13/August 1915.

117

“Vi ertsiht men unzere kinder?” Der tog, 16/September 1915.

118

“Unzere tekhter,” Di froyen-velt, May 1913, 3.

119

Ella Blum, “Di idishe mame,” Froyen zhurnal, July 1922, 5; see, also, Ella Blum, “Idishe froyen un idishe traditsie,” Froyen zhurnal, August 1922, 5.

120

Lillie Shultz, “Woman—the Aegis Bearer of Her Race,” Froyen zhurnal, September 1923, 50.

121

Mordecai Dantzis, “Di amerikaner idisher froy,” Froyen zhurrnal, October 1923, 10.

122

Hyman, “Seductive Secularization,” 88.

123

Ch., “Vos s’fehlt idishe froyen in kleyne shtetlakh,” Der tog, 18/July 1921.

124

Dr B. Gitlin, “Di idishe froy un der keren heysod,” Froyen zhurnal, April 1923, 33.

125

Eliash, “Di froy un elul,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 13/August 1915; see, also, R. [A. R. Mlachi], “Di idishkeyt fun di idishe tekhter,” Der tog, 26/September, 1925.

126

Y. Roytberg, “Di idishe froy un di shmad bavegung,” Froyen zhurnal, September 1923, 12; see, also, S. Goldberg-Cantor, “Jewesses Were Germany’s First Modern Women,” Der tog, 1/March 1925.

127

Alef-Lamed, “Tekhter fun tsion,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 24/October 1918.

128

R., “Di ertsihung fun di idishe tekhter,” Der tog, 28/December 1925.

129

Elijah Bortniker, “Education (Jewish),” in Encyclopaedia Judaica, vol. 6, Cecil Roth and Geoffrey Wigoder, eds., 413–14, 423–25 (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd., 1972); Louis Isaac Rabinowitz, “Heder,” in Encyclopaedia Judaica, vol. 8, Cecil Roth and Geoffrey Wigoder, eds., 241 (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd., 1972).

130

“Dos ‘tageblatt’ ihre idealen un pflikhten,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 2/October 1914; see, also, Z. Kotler, “Lehrnt men mut unzere kinder vegen idisher befrayung,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 7/February 1918.

131

Lena Rozenherts, “Gemishte hayrathen un idishkeyt in der kuntri,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 23/February 1915.

132

“The Doors Must Be Kept Open,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 15/July 1917.

133

Dr Morris Boros, “Idishe eltern un idishe ertsihung,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 2/September 1917.

134

S. Dingol, “Bloyz 23 protsent fun der idisher yugensd in niu york bakumt a idishe ertsihung,” Der tog, 8/September 1922; for Dingol, see Elias Schulman, Leksikon fun forverts shrayber (NY: Forward Association, 1986), 20.

135

E. F.[Emanuel Feldman], Karen Bacon, David I. Bernstein, Malke Biona, Rivkah Blau, Soro Yehudis Fishman, Nurit Fried, Beverly Gribetz, Heshy Grossman, Tziporah Heller, Chana Henkin, Avrohom Dovid Oppen and David Silber, “Symposium on Women and Jewish Education” Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 28, 3 (Spring 1994): 5 (E. F.), 10 (David I. Bernstein); David Golinkin, “The Participation of Jewish Women in Public Rituals and Torah Study 1845–2010,” NASHIM 21 (Spring 2011): 57–58.

136

Y. L. Dolidanski, “Unzere yidishe tekhter,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 5/June 1918; see, also, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, “Y. L. Dolidanski,” 25/October 2015.

137

Der derekh fun sholem aleykhem institut: as historisher iberblik (1913–1971)/Our First Fifty Years: The Sholem Aleichem Folk Institute (A Historical Survey), ed. Saul Goodman, 168–177 (NY: The Sholem Aleichem Folk Institute, 1972); for A. Litvin, see, also, Schulman, Leksikon fun forverts shrayber, 43–44.

138

“American Jewish Women,” Dos yidishes tageblatt, 9/July 1922.

139

Schulman, Leksikon fun forverts shrayber, 60.

140

L. Lehrer, “Di bavegung far a nayer, frisher idisher ertsihung in amerike,” Der tog, 23/November 1924.

141

See, for example, A. Vohliner, “Di idishs-natsional-radikale shule,” Der tog, 19/June 1915.

142

Michels, A Fire in Their Hearts, 210; Chaikin, Yidishe bleter in amerike, 356–57.

143

Michels, A Fire in Their Hearts, 208–9.

144

Michels, A Fire in Their Hearts, 211.

145

P. Gingold, “Der idisher lerer seminar,” in Shul almanakh: di idishe moderne shul af der velt/School Almanac: The Modern Yiddish Schools Throughout the World, P. Geliebter, Dr Ch. Zhitlowsky, H. Novak, Sh. Niger, P. Simon and Dr J. Shatzky, eds., 204–206, 209–210 (Philadelphia: Central Committee of the Workmen’s Circle Schools, April 1935).

146

Chaikin, Yidishe bleter in merike, 359–60; on excommunication and its utter lack of effect, see Isaac Levitas, “Herem,” in Encyclopaedia Judaica, Cecil Roth and Geoffrey Wigoder, eds., 344–55 (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd., 1972).

147

Eliash, “Unzere kleyne helden,” Dos ydishes tageblatt, 30/June 1915.

148

Schulman, Leksikon fun forverts shrayber, 42–43.

149

“Der ‘limit’ fun arbeter ring shulen,” Forverts, 10/May 1921.

150

“Der ‘limit’ fun arbeyter ring shulen,” Forverts, 10/May 1921.

151

Sh. Rabinovitsh, “Loynt tsu lernen hige kinder idish?” Forverts, 9/October 1920.

152

P. Geliebter, “Di arbeter ring shuln (zayer oyfkum un zayer antviklung),” in Shul almanakh: di idishe moderne shul, 27.

153

Chaikin, Yidishe bleter in amerike, 360; M. Katz, “Idish dertsiubng bay radikale elteren,” Der tog, 4/May 1916.

154

Michels, A Fire in Their Hearts, 211–12; Chaikin, Yidishe bleter in amerike, 360.

155

“A bintel brief,” Forverts, 22/April 1918.

156

Rogoff, Der gayst fun “forverts,” 122–23.

157

Leon Elbe, “Kahan’s dopelte bukhhalterie,” Der tog, 30/July 1923.

158

Dr Herman Frank, “Di idishe shul-bavegung iber der velt,” in Shul almanakh: di idishe moderne shul, 353.

159

Frank, “Di idishe shul-bavegung iber der velt,” 355.

160

Frank, “Di idishe shul-bavegung iber der velt,” 356.

161

Mike Wallace, Greater Gotham: A History of New York City from 1898 to 1919 (NY: Oxford University Press, 2017), 705–712.

162

Shul almanakh: di idishe moderne shul off der velt/School Almanac: The Modern Yiddish Schools Throughout the World, P. Geliebter, Dr Ch. Zhitlowsky, H. Novak, Sh. Niger, P. Simon, and Dr J. Shatzky, eds. (Philadelphia: Central Committee of the Workmen’s Circle Schools, April 1935); Der derekh fun sholem aleykhem.

163

Der derekh fun sholem aleykhem institut, 169.

164

Der derekh fun sholem aleykhem institut, 168–177.

165

I. Zilberberg, “Tsentrale tuer un lerer vos zaynen avek in der eybikayt,” Der derekh fun sholem aleykhem institut, 168–177.

166

P. Gingold, “Der idisher lerer seminar,” 204–206, 209–210.

Titel: As Jewish Women: In America—On the Jewish Street
verfasst von: Shelby Shapiro
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Buch: Words to the Wives
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-49940-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-49941-8

Copyright-Jahr: 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49941-8_5

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