21.1 Introduction
21.2 Experimental Procedure
21.2.1 The Preparation of the Substrates
Substrate material | Raw material(s) | Grain size (d90) (µm) | Roughness (µm) |
---|---|---|---|
C-Al2O3 | 10 wt% + Al2O3 | <20 | 5.5 |
C-CA6 Bonite | 10 wt% + CA6 | <20 | 4.04 |
C-AR78 spinel | 10 wt% + AR78 | <20 | 3.70 |
C-MR66 spinel | 10 wt% + MR66 | <90 | 9.18 |
MR 66 | 91.5% Al2O3, 8.5% MgO | <90 | 2.15 |
AR 78 | 99.7% MgAl2O4, 0.3% MgO | <20 | 2.05 |
CaZrO3 | 83.3% CaZrO3, 16.7% ZrO2 | <45 | 3.37 |
CA 6 | 94.9% CA 6 (CaO·6Al2O3), 5.0% Al2O3, 0.1% CaO | <20 | 1.57 |
AZT | 95% Al2O3, 2.5% TiO2 2.5% ZrO2 | <60 | 8.24 |
21.2.2 Experimental Setup
Fe (wt%) | C | Mn | Si | Al | S | P | O |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
99.8 | 40 | 200 | 50 | ˂10 | 40 | 64 | 92 |
21.2.3 Non-metallic Inclusions Determination
Class name | Element content (wt%) |
---|---|
Al2O3 | Al > 20 and O > 20 and Si < 10 and Ti < 10 and (Mn + Mg + Si + Ca + Ti) < 10 and Mn < 10 |
TiN | Ti > 10 and N > 5 |
MnO-Al2O3 | Al > 10 and Mn > 2 and (Mg + Si + Ca + Ti) < 10 and Si < 2 and S < 2 |
MnO-SiO2-high Al2O3 | Mn > 2 and Si > 2 and Al > 15 |
MnO-SiO2-low Al2O3 | Mn > 2 and Si > 2 and 1 < = Al < 15 |
MnO-SiO2-TiO2 | Mn > 2 and Si > 2 and Al < 1 and Ti > 2 |
SiO2 | Si/O > = 0.4 and Si/O < 6.2 and Al < 3 and Mg < 3 and Ca < 3 and K < 3 and Mn < 3 and S < 10 |
SiO2-MnO | Si/Mn > = 0.7 & Ca < = 0 |
MnO-MnS | Mn > 8 and (Mn/S) > = 1 and (Al + Si + Ti + Cr) < (Mn + S) |
CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 | Ca > 5 and Al > 5 and Si > 5 |
CaO-CaS | Ca > 5 and (Ca/S) > 2 |
Other | Fe < 100 |
21.3 Results and Discussion
21.3.1 Carbon Bonded Substrates
Quartz Glass Ampule and Platina Crucible
21.3.2 Pure Substrates
21.3.3 Inclusions
Calculation of the Stability of Oxides
\({\text{Mg}} + 2{\text{O}}_{2} + 2{\text{Al}}\, = \,{\text{MgO}} \cdot {\text{Al}}_{2} {\text{O}}_{3}\) | (21.9) | \(K = \frac{{a_{Me}^{x} P_{o2}^{y} }}{{a_{{Me_{X} O_{y} }} }}\) |
\(2{\text{Mg}}\, + \,{\text{O}}_{2} \, = \,2{\text{MgO}}\) | (21.10) | |
\(2\,{\text{Al}} + 3/2{\text{O}}_{2} = {\text{Al}}_{2} {\text{O}}_{3}\) | (21.11) | \(In\left( {P_{o2} } \right) = \frac{\Delta G}{{RT}}\) |
\(2{\text{Ca}} + {\text{O}}_{2} \, = \,2{\text{CaO}}\) | (21.12) | |
\(2{\text{Zr}} + {\text{O}}_{2} = {\text{ZrO}}_{2}\) | (21.13) | |
\({\text{Ca}} + {\text{Zr}} + {\text{O}}_{2} \, = \,{\text{CaZrO}}_{3}\) | (21.14) | |
\({\text{Ca}} + 19/2{\text{O}}_{2} + 12{\text{Al}} = {\text{CaO}}\cdot6{\text{Al}}_{2} {\text{O}}_{3}\) | (21.15) |