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2024 | Buch

German Foreign Policy and Greek Martyr Communities

Reconciliation Policy for Places of Memory in Greece and the Role of Recognition

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The Euro crisis of 2008 had a deep impact on German-Greek relations. The exchange of blows in media, and amongst politicians created a deep divide and made old wounds visible - wounds that lie in the Occupation of Greece by Nazi Germany and its fascist allies during World War 2. In 2014 German foreign policy towards Greece shifted to include reconciliatory measures, marking the beginning of Germany's foreign policy of reconciliation. One area of focus is memory culture and the Greek martyr communities, meaning villages and towns that experienced extreme violence, destruction, and executions. Diving into these places of terror and memory, the book analyzes German foreign policy of reconciliation while providing a profound view onto history, diplomacy, and the widely unknown Greek memory landscape. It entails a thorough review of German-Greek relations, more than seven unique maps and 10 case studies, accompanied by photographs and over 35 interviews. It shows how foreign policy, conflict and reconciliation intertwine and how international affairs meet the local level of everyday citizens.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
Greece and Germany are partners in multiple unions. Their bilateral history includes peaceful and calm, but also war-ridden and dark sides, mutual dependencies and economic asymmetries. After 2008 the darker sides have gained political, academic, and public attention. Germany and Greece were enemies in both world wars. During World War II (WWII), Germany and its Axis-allies Italy and Bulgaria occupied Greece. During this period, multiple atrocities were committed by the Wehrmacht and the other occupying forces, leaving a bloody trail throughout Greece. While the legacy of 1941–1945 is a part of Greek public memory and public dialogue, the economic crisis of 2008-2015 served as a catalyst and reintroduced this period to a broader public also marking the beginning of Germany's foreign policy of reconciliation towards Greece.
Charalampos Babis Karpouchtsis
Chapter 2. Current State of the Art and Relevant Literature Review
Abstract
This chapter reviews relevant literature on Greek-German relations, Memory Politics as well as Reconciliation Theory and Recognition Theory, providing a detailed account of influential works while highlighting existing gaps in research regarding the Greek-German paradigm. .
Charalampos Babis Karpouchtsis
Chapter 3. Guiding Questions, Hypotheses, Scope and Methodology
Abstract
The political science approach Lilly Gardner Feldman combined with Leiner’s Jenaer approach as well as the conflicting dichotomies of transitional justice (TJ) provide a theoretical and analytical framework for analyzing Greek-German reconciliation processes. Following this framework, this study focuses on the martyr villages that have been specific targets of Germany’s reconciliation policy.
Charalampos Babis Karpouchtsis
Chapter 4. Background: Structures, Historical Numbers, Maps
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of Greek local politics and its structure, it presents numbers relevant to WWII and the Occupation while offering a unique detailed mapping of all 124 martyr communities.
Charalampos Babis Karpouchtsis
Chapter 5. Historical Overview
Abstract
Over 75 years have passed since the end of WWII, yet the Occupation still casts its shadow over Greek-German relations. This chapter provides a brief and concise overview of the Occupation and the postwar politics that shaped bilateral relations to better understand the role of the occupation period and its influence. Therefore, the chapter focuses Greece in the postwar period as well as the development of the bilateral relations. It introduces the concept of “friendship without reconciliation” and offers a unique periodization for the bilateral relations regarding reconciliation. It highlights conflicting narratives and diverging stances towards dominant perceptions of history.
Charalampos Babis Karpouchtsis
Chapter 6. Memory Politics and Greek Martyr Communities: A Shifting Landscape
Abstract
The chapter discusses the mostly unknown Greek memory landscape and juxtaposes it to official and institutional policies from Greece and Germany. It introduces dominant and competing narratives, as well as the development of fragmented memory politics. The chapter also explains the role of places of terror and martyr villages as important places of memory and thereby explains the term “martyr village” within Greece.
Charalampos Babis Karpouchtsis
Chapter 7. Initiatives of Cooperation and Reconciliation—Diverging Positions
Abstract
Since 2012 Germany and Greece have been quick to launch various new initiatives for cooperation in different fields. This chapter examines relevant initiatives, focusing on those with a direct impact on addressing the darkest chapters of Greece and Germany’s common past. It then discusses initiatives that directly involve reconciliation politics: The German-Greek Assembly (GGA), the Greek-German Action Plan, the German-Greek Fund for the Future (GGFF) and the German Greek Youth Organisation (GGYO). Expert interviews, primary and secondary literature offer a detailed account of the measures and policies as well as diverging views, highlighting the existing division.
Charalampos Babis Karpouchtsis
Chapter 8. “Small Places, Large Issues”—The Cases
Abstract
The Greek martyr villages serve as paradigms for policy analysis to examine the effect of international issues on the local level and vice versa. The title of this chapter is borrowed from Eriksen’s book on social and cultural anthropology (2001). The anthropological approach to localities such as villages is appropriate and necessary for the examination of foreign policy connecting the international with the local level of affairs. This chapter offers an account of how the field research was planned and conducted, including visits and interviews, their transcription and the challenges that arise for the researcher.
Charalampos Babis Karpouchtsis
Chapter 9. The Case Studies: Similar Vision, Different Approaches
Abstract
This chapter is dedicated to the case studies. The opinions expressed in it are summarized and reflect the interviewee’s institutional role. Single statements are cited to underline stances towards Germany and to explore interviewees’ views on reconciliation with the former foe. It includes a total of eight case studies and represents a total of ten martyr villages. This is the heart piece of the book, presenting more than five months of field work. The case studies are core to understanding Greek local reactions to German reconciliation policy. To this point this is a unique approach in researching Greek-German relations, combining policy analysis with expert interviews, field research as well as primary and secondary literature. The cases are complemented by photos of local monuments and memorials. The aim is to portray a complete and thorough picture of the different stances towards and effects of German reconciliation policy on the local level. By doing so, the chapters uncover a widely unknown memory landscape with local, regional, national and international reference points.
Charalampos Babis Karpouchtsis
Chapter 10. Conclusion
Abstract
Greek-German relations have undergone multiple phases since the end of World War II. From a period of strategic rapprochement and political pragmatism, through the era of the Gastarbeiter (guest workers) and the anti-junta movement, to Greece’s accession to the European Union, the relationship has evolved. However, it has never profoundly addressed their shared dark history. This concluding chapter summarizes the findings of the analysis with the results from the case studies, highlighting the main discoveries, conclusions, and the limitations of the research, while also providing an outlook for future considerations. It showcases the state and development of German-Greek relations from the view point of an ongoing but incomplete reconciliation process.
Charalampos Babis Karpouchtsis
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
German Foreign Policy and Greek Martyr Communities
verfasst von
Charalampos Karpouchtsis
Copyright-Jahr
2024
Electronic ISBN
978-3-658-44370-2
Print ISBN
978-3-658-44369-6
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-44370-2

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