Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Construction, Architecture and Technosphere Safety

The article presents a new method for determining the required frost resistance of finishing and front facing materials of external walls. In the extension of a theory of thermal stability O. E. Vlasova, M. A. Shklover, B. F. Vasiliev a new method for calculating the temperature on the surface of external wall structures and in their thickness is developed. It considers hourly fluctuations in the temperature of the outside air, hourly changes in the incident direct and scattered solar incident on vertical surfaces of various orientations, as well as the thermal insulation of wall and the heat capacity of the materials of the separate layers. The developed technique made it possible to calculate the temperature on the outer surface of external wall and at the boundary of layers in multilayer walls of various design solutions. The performed calculations made it possible to determine the number of cycles of transitions through the temperature of zero degrees both on the surface and in the thickness of the structure. This method makes it is possible to develop requirements for frost resistance of external finishing and front layers of wall of various designs, oriented to the south, southeast, east, northeast, north, northwest, west and southwest under the influence of hourly changes temperature and hourly changes in diffuse and direct solar radiation incident on vertical surfaces, heat protection qualities of wall materials, their thermal inertia, attenuation of temperature fluctuations of outdoor temperature fluctuations in the thickness of the walls.

Information is given on the application of the method of digital processing of images to assess the cracking of paint coatings. As a paint composition, white water-dispersion paint VA-17 was used. To create a texture, spray paint was applied discretely to the surface of the film. Data processing, calculation of shear fields, volumetric deformations and other additional operations, as well as graphical presentation of the results, were carried out in the MatLab program. The development of a transverse crack, which is the cause of film destruction, was considered. The process of crack formation proceeds from the middle of the film in its narrow part. It has been established that shear bands are observed already at the first stage of loading. It has been established that the appearance of microcracks was detected at a load of 0.01 kgf with transverse strain values of 0.01 mm. As the crack propagates, the isofield of the deformed state of the film changes, the deformations and the fraction of deformation at the crack mouth increase. The application of the digital image processing method will make it possible to develop recommendations for improving the crack resistance of paint and varnish coatings.

This paper present the investigation of mechanical properties of 3D-printed composites. The effects of reinforcing on its tensile, flexural and splitting strength are presented together. It has been established that reinforcing changes mechanical behaviour of 3d-printed reinforced composites compared to non-reinforced references. The strength of 3d-printed reinforced composites increases by 2–2.5 times by using steel wire for their reinforcing. The 3d-printed reinforced composites had flexural strength 8–13 MPa, tensile strength 5.8–3.3 MPa. That is defined by the number of reinforcing steel wire in a layer. The greatest reinforcing effect is achieved in bending test. In this case it is possible to increase the strength of reinforced samples by 2.5–3 times compared to non-reinforced ones. Significant differences in the mechanical behaviour of 3D printed reinforced composites as compared to non-reinforced analogues were explained by the fact that reinforcing fibres were put to work. The tensile and flexural strength of 3DPRC samples increased in proportion to the increase in the number of fibres in the layer. The greatest increase in flexural strength up to 13 MPa was achieved for 3DPRC samples reinforced with 5 fibres when a force was applied across the boundary surface in the sample.

The buildings life cycle management is the actual problem of construction industry digitalization process. BIM-software is widely used on the new construction design stage. At the same time, the Russian market has no full-fledged software tools for life-cycle and re-enactment modelling. Existing software tools can be applied to this problem with significant constraint. To solve the whole problem, it should be created new specialized program modules. In this article, seven CAD systems were analyzed by their functions, such as BIM integration, availability of their own application program interface (API) and dealing with temporary loads for steel structures and were defined the optimal BIM-systems for users.

The article considers the problem of flooding of territories both in Russia and abroad. The authors give the diagram of the main sources and causes of flooding, as well as a classification of the consequences of flooding areas. They present the laboratory test results of physical soil properties changes and of mechanical soil properties changes, such as: oedometric modulus of deformation; the angle of internal friction and intercept cohesion. Analysis of the results show the negative effect of soil water saturation on the soils mechanical characteristics. The laboratory tests allowed the authors of the article to get the results of numerical modeling of forecasting the development of the geotechnical situation during the construction of a multi-storied residential building with an underground floor. This was done in the conditions of a possible increase of groundwater levels, which has calculated additionally. The article gives the forecast of the development area flooding considering two types of foundation (slab and strip).

Quality of construction—one of the key factors defining solvency and the prospects of development of this field of practical activities (production of goods). Indicators of quality characterize degree of compliance of suitability of a construction object of a certain functional purpose to the required parameters of operational conditions, efficiency and reliability of functioning. Development of the rational decisions directed to achievement of indicators of quality of construction production and their implementation is constantly relevant problem of architectural and construction and production activity, demands development and improvement of the corresponding methods of researches. The purpose of researches to this article is identifications of conditions and development of methodical justification for management of processes of formation of indicators of quality of construction objects at various stages (periods) of life cycle. The main result of a research is development of provisions of a scientific hypothesis of assessment of possible decisions with use of an integrated indicator of functional quality of a construction object. This indicator is accepted on the basis of the main result of the system analysis of decisions on formation and realization of functional quality of a construction object at various stages (obligatory and possible) life cycle. The offered concept can be considered how the direction of expansion of opportunities concerning management of the productions providing achievement of indicators of quality of construction subjects to various functional and technological appointment.

Almost all methods for calculating constituent rods are based, as a rule, on a uniform, rather frequent arrangement of shear bonds along the length of the bar. Calculations based on the solution of differential equations, even for simple cases of a symmetrical section without taking into account the vertical stiffness of the bonds, turn out to be rather complicated. Approximate calculations obtain good convergence also only in the case of a sufficiently large number of connections. The proposed work presents a fairly simple approach to the calculation of composite bending rods on discrete shear bonds. The technique makes it possible to take into account the nonlinear dependence of deformations on the forces in the bonds; take into account the positions of shear forces in the bonds along the height of the beam cross section, which leads to a significant increase in the accuracy of calculations. Additional features of the technique include: taking into account the transverse stiffness of the bonds; the possibility of calculating with different stiffness of the elements that make up the rod; the possibility of taking into account an arbitrary arrangement of discrete bonds along the length of the beam, depending on the type of loading. As a result, according to the proposed method, on the basis of numerical analysis, an assessment was made of the significance concerning these factors in the calculations of bending constituent rods.

Timeliness, quality and volume of engineering and technical preparation measures are one of the significant, key factors determining the consistency of design (organizational and technological) solutions with regard to sustainability and efficiency of main stages of industrial facility construction. Development of adequate organizational and technological solutions taking into account actual conditions of construction area or expected conditions of construction production and, simultaneously, including the forecast of displays of possible negative factors is an actual task of increasing quality of preparation for erection of an industrial facility. The purpose of the research in this article is to reveal conditions and to develop a methodical justification for improving methods and techniques of forming and management of building production procedures in the preparation of the construction area. The main result of the research is development of scientific and practical hypothesis provisions about expediency of applying probabilistic models when developing organizational and technological solutions—concerning quality and efficiency assurance of engineering and technical preparation of construction production. The proposed approach appears as an actual direction of expansion of possibilities at organization and management of construction processes which are produced under conditions of dynamically changing states of production environment of building production, and also practical application of the tool of predictive account of risks of consequences of negative factors manifestation.

To meet the special requirements (for the strength and conductivity of concrete structures) that arise during the transmission of electricity to remote areas of the Russian Federation, a variant of using self-healing concrete is proposed. In this material, it is proposed to use microcapsules obtained by the physical method, consisting of sodium silicate and bentonite clay coated with ethyl cellulose with graphene. The mechanism of action of the capsule is as follows: after external mechanical destruction, access to graphene appears and it acts as a conductive medium, resulting in the cementing properties of the capsule core. In the course of the work, the optimal ratio of graphene and the capsule core was established, which was determined during several experiments and microstructure studies. The dependences of the compressive strength and conductivity of the composite on the graphene content in the capsule, the number of microcapsules in concrete, and the time of strength gain were also revealed. In the experiments, the average size of microcapsules was 1.25 mm, and the grain shape is predominantly spherical with a rough surface and dense structure. The optimal microcapsule content was 2% of the cement binder weight, which corresponds to 0.1% graphene oxide. With an increase in the graphene content, the conductivity of the concrete composite monotonically increases, and the compressive strength increases to a certain limit and then decreases. After partial destruction of the samples (discontinuity) at the micro level, the composite material recovered, while the recovery coefficient was 81%, and the recovery coefficient of compressive strength was 57%.

The article describes the results of experimental studies of the influence of preliminary decompaction on the magnitude of the swelling pressure of soils of natural and disturbed structure. The determination of the swelling pressure at various degrees of preliminary decompaction was carried out in laboratory conditions for clays of natural and disturbed structure. The conducted researches made it possible to reveal the features of the patterns of influence on the process of swelling of the mineralogical composition of the soil from its initial density and moisture content. In montmorillonite clays, decompaction reduces the swelling pressure as more, as more montmorillonite is included in their composition. In the soil of a disturbed structure, the initial density and moisture do not affect the dependence of the relative magnitude of the swelling pressure on the degree of preliminary decompaction of the soil. In a soil of natural structure, an increase in the initial density contributes to a more significant decrease in the swelling pressure from preliminary decompaction compared to the pressure developed by the soil in the complete absence of swelling deformations. Structural cohesion in soils of natural composition prevents the decrease in swelling pressure during decompaction. It was revealed that the relationship between the relative magnitude of the swelling pressure and the degree of preliminary decompaction of the soil can be described by an exponential function. The values of the coefficients of this function are determined.

The object of the study is a spatial hinge-rod structure. The research method—the analysis of the wide variability of the forms of hinge-rod joints, the economical installation process using the principle of “self-expansion” allow us to speak about the relevance of research in this direction. The article gives an overview of spatial structures and shows the pros and cons of such structures. Examples of popular nodal connections of rod structures are given. Results: development of general principles for the formation of a spatial rod structure, development of a hinge joint, a finite element coating model. As a result of the analysis of existing prefabricated buildings, the authors of the article present their surfaces main shapes. A variant of the swivel joint developed by the authors in the COMPASS-3D software package is presented, and a model of the frame is obtained. The introduction of new types of spatial architectural and structural systems into the practice of construction is the historical objectivity of the interaction of architecture and scientific and technological progress.

Increasing the strength of cement concrete could significantly improve the technical and economic performance of structures. However, an increase in strength also entails an increase in the brittleness of the material, as a result of which there is a faster (almost instantaneous) destruction of concrete, and in the case of its destruction in a compressed zone, reinforced concrete elements when they reach the limit state. Thus, the actual problem of modern materials science is to increase the plastic-deformation properties of concrete and resistance to cracking. Polymer concretes obtained on the basis of liquid rubber are usually called Rubcons. Rubber concrete is a more plastic material, the ratio of its compressive strength to tensile strength is 8, while this indicator for ordinary concrete is equal to 18–19, while the modulus of elasticity, of course, is somewhat inferior to the modulus of elasticity of ordinary cement concrete, and is within the level of 25–26 GPa. At the same time, due to the high tensile strength of Rubcon, in the case of the manufacture of reinforced structures, better protection of reinforcing bars from an aggressive environment is provided than in traditional reinforced concrete structures.

The priority direction of construction materials science is the production of materials with increased performance characteristics. The most common building material is concrete, of various functional purposes. The development of the construction complex leads to the design of increasingly complex structures, the construction of which requires highly efficient concrete with increased operational reliability. In this article, the application of a modifying complex additive to concrete of carbon nanotubes “Taunit-M” and plasticizer SP-3 is considered. Two methods of introducing nanoscale additives into the composition of fine concrete are considered. The results of two series of tests of beam samples at the age of 28 days using different methods of nanotube injection, namely, the use of an ultrasonic dispersant and the use of a linear induction apparatus (LIA), are presented. The positive effect of the introduction of nanotubes on the strength characteristics of concrete has been established. It is determined that the use of LIA provides a greater increase in strength due to the double effect of activation of the cement binder and the distribution of the nano-additive by active mixing due to vortex action.

Dynamic strength is one of the factors determining the strain of buildings and structures under extreme impacts caused by, among other things, the restructuring when one of the load-bearing elements fails, as well as the dissipation properties of the materials the structure is made of. The purpose of this research is to analyze the dynamic strength parameters and dissipation properties of concrete and fiber-reinforced concrete under loads typical for emergency impacts and failures of one of the load-bearing elements. The results of the dissipation properties comparison for workpieces made of concrete types with different compression strength grades, as well as concrete reinforced with indirect-reinforcement fiber grid in terms of the specific strain energy absorption allowed the authors to recommend fiber-reinforced concrete for effective local reinforcement of structures taking into account their strength against specific emergency impacts. The suggested analytical expression for the specific strain energy absorption can be used to assess the additional dynamic loading of reinforced concrete building frames under specific emergency impacts.

In accordance with modern requirements for building materials, concrete must be of high quality with minimal resource waste. Using the initial components internal potential allows to create high-quality binder systems that contribute to the achievement of the required performance properties of concrete. The optimal mode for the preparation of an activated mixture based on special cement and sand of a certain granulometry was determined in this work by conducting a series of mechanical activation in a planetary mill. The influence of the degree of substitution of the cement-sand mixture with an activated component on the kinetics of the early strength gain of concrete was studied in order to analyze the applicability of the developed composition in 3D construction printing. The qualities of the modifier based on the activated cement-sand mixture were evaluated for the persistence of properties by the method of isothermal calorimetry. A multicomponent concrete with improved physical and mechanical properties was obtained, modified with a finely ground cement-sand composition of optimal content.

This paper presents an in-depth investigation into the inelastic behavior of large panel reinforced concrete buildings, with a focus on developing an accurate modeling approach for nonlinear seismic analysis. The study begins by discussing the modeling assumptions used in the analysis, considering various factors such as material properties and stress distribution along the connection region. To implement the proposed modeling approach, the finite element method is adopted, utilizing the LIRA SAPR software. Nonlinear behavior of the connection region is modeled by a combination of two finite elements: (i) shell elements representing stress distribution in the connection region and (ii) 2-mode link element for modeling shear keys. The paper provides a detailed explanation of the finite element implementation process, highlighting the necessary calculations for stiffness determination for each structural element. The validity and performance of the proposed approach are assessed through both static and dynamic verifications. Overall, this research contributes to the field of structural engineering by offering an improved approach to capture the inelastic behavior of large panel reinforced concrete buildings during seismic events.

The article is devoted to the processing of waste from the woodworking industry into environmentally friendly materials for construction and discussion of the results of the study of their basic physical and mechanical properties. Recycling waste from the woodworking industry into environmentally friendly materials for construction is one of the important steps in the development of an environmentally responsible economy. This paper describes the process of processing wood waste into slab materials. The main physical and mechanical properties of the developed materials, such as static bending strength, water absorption and swelling of samples, are considered in detail. The article also discusses the advantages of using eco-friendly materials for construction, such as environmental friendliness and safety for human health, as well as their economic efficiency.

Nowadays, in structural engineering, many elements in structural systems are selected with variable cross-sections for some purposes. The optimization problem helps to define the suitable dimensions of elements for the optimal weight of the system under given loading and other effects. In the studies of optimization, it is applied many methods depending on the characteristics of the problem. The article uses the Gradient and graphic methods to optimize plane frames with constant and variable cross-sections. The authors established the relationship between internal forces and displacements of the element ends with different boundary conditions using force and displacement methods. With the development of technology, it is allowed to use programming software to avoid mathematical difficulties. The calculation procedure of the considered optimization problem is written in the programming software MATLAB in the article. The obtained results are compared with those of other methods to verify the applied method’s accuracy, reliability and effectiveness.

The article discusses the possibility of reducing the metal consumption of formwork for monolithic construction by reducing the thickness of the profile wall and increasing the mechanical properties of the steel grade from which it is made. Using strength analysis in the SolidWorks program, its operational properties and safety factor were assessed. Strength analysis of the formwork profile confirmed the possibility of moving from steel grade St3 (DIN 17100) with a thickness of 3.00 mm to steel grade 09G2S (DIN 9MnSi5) with a thickness of 2.20 mm. Simulation of profile loading during operation in the SolidWorks program showed that changing the steel grade and thickness leads to an increase in the safety factor. Formwork with a modified profile will not only not lose its strength properties, but may also have an increased service life. To design technologies for roll forming thin-walled profiles from blanks, a model was developed in the QForm program. Checking the adequacy of the developed model by comparing wear areas and contact zones showed its high convergence with the real process. Based on simulation in the QForm program, calibration of stands was developed for the production of profiles from steel grade 09G2S (DIN 9MnSi5) with a wall thickness of 2.20 mm from a workpiece (electric-welded pipe). The effectiveness of the proposed calibration is confirmed by comparing the profile obtained from the simulation with a reference sample.

Reclamation systems hydraulic structures long-term operation lead to some elements significant physical wear, averaging 28% or more for irrigation and principal canals. Concrete and reinforced concrete linings are subject to deformations, cracking, base subsidence and other negative processes over time. Hence, there is a need to develop and apply improved design and process solutions using modern polymer-based composite materials, which will make it possible to most effectively and quickly restore the canals protective coatings and other feeding hydraulic structures. To determine the specific filtration flow rate through damage, the method of calculating the water permeability of the anti-filtration concrete facings taking into account the colmatation of damage. Technical and technological solutions developed at the level of applications and patents for inventions are characterized by increased efficiency and reliability, which consist in eliminating filtration losses and filtration deformations, while increasing the durability of the repaired area due to increased physical and mechanical characteristics of the materials used in the structures. The presented method of calculating the water permeability of the anti-filtration concrete lining, taking into account the colmatation of damage, made it possible to determine the specific filtration flow rate through damage equal to 0.112 m2/day. Based on the performed calculation, it is possible to make a decision on the expediency of reconstructing certain damages to concrete channel linings, including during their colmatation.

This article investigates the features and advantages of using single-node finite elements of Finite Element Method in the form of the Classical Mixed Method. The research was conducted on one-dimensional problems with various types of unilateral constraints (rigid, elastically flexible, with a gap between the structure and the support). A special algorithm for switching the condition of the support was developed by modifying the response matrix of the single-node finite elements. This algorithm allows switching of connections without changing the calculation scheme of the structure. Verification was carried out by comparing the calculated results with the results of the calculation of the LIRA SAPR software package, which calculation schemes are built using single-node finite elements that implement the displacement method. The article demonstrates the advantages of solving problems that include single-node finite elements that simulate various types of constructive nonlinearity, including ease of algorithmization in the decision-making area on switching the state of unilateral constraints, due to the inclusion in the response matrix of both the force that arises in the connection and displacement along its direction, and the ability to solve the problem of elastic connection, which is included in the work after the section gap reaches a certain value.

The article discusses the problems that arise when applying the finite element method to design models of complex structures and structures represented by design schemes with a large number of finite elements. The development of an algorithm for reducing finite element systems of high-order equations describing the stress–strain state of one-dimensional and two-dimensional structures based on linear interpolation, which allows to significantly reduce the order of these systems, while maintaining sufficient accuracy of calculations, is described. The article presents a mathematical model for a two-dimensional plate and describes a method for solving a system of equations based on linear interpolation at the nodes of a fine grid. To test the effectiveness of the algorithm, numerical experiments were carried out comparing the results obtained using the proposed method with the analytical and results obtained on the basis of the FEM in the form of a classical mixed method. The results of numerical experiments have shown that the proposed algorithm has a sufficiently high accuracy and efficiency in solving problems of solid mechanics. The proposed approach can be applied to reduce systems of high-order algebraic equations describing the stress–strain state of one-dimensional and two-dimensional structures, and to speed up calculations in large and complex problems of solid mechanics, which is an urgent problem in engineering practice.

When designing reinforced concrete beam structures with limited horizontal displacement on supports under short-term dynamic loading, it is necessary to take into account the occurrence of a thrust reaction. The presence of a thrust leads to a significant increase in strength and crack resistance of structures, and when yielding supports are used, to the increase in their energy intensity. The purpose of the experimental study is to study the feasibility of using yielding supports in dynamically loaded spacer structures. The paper presents the results of experimental studies of reinforced concrete beam structures with a thrust on yielding supports under short-term dynamic loading. The influence of yielding supports on the strength, deformability and crack resistance of reinforced concrete structures with thrust was considered. The results of experimental studies indicate a positive effect of the use of yielding supports in dynamically loaded structures with a thrust.

Freeform surfaces, unlike traditional linear surfaces and surfaces of revolution, are used in modern architecture in the design of structures of various shaping. If the surface to be designed does not have large gradients relative to some base plane xy, both bicubic polynomials from scalar quantities x, y and surface patches in Bezier form can be used for its modeling. The most natural shape of the surface comes about when the skeleton of the constructed surface is formed by physical splines (elastic elements passing through the given points). The paper deals with experimental evaluation of deflection effect on the accuracy of approximation of physical splines by composite cubic curves. An algorithm for the bicubic surface formation on a fixed skeleton has been developed to reduce the size of the characteristic matrix of the constructed surface by almost two times. A comparative analysis of advantages and disadvantages of mathematical models of surfaces formed by bicubic and Bezier patches is performed. The authors provide examples of composite surfaces modeling on a fixed skeleton. The relevance of the work is due to the widespread use of curvilinear shapes in architectural design, the emergence of new building materials and the introduction of digital technology in design.

The study examines the precedents of unique architectural objects that have appeared in scientific and design developments in connection with the transformation of the vectors of their formation when the frame of the situation changes. The purpose of this article is to critically comprehend the trend of the emergence of new or transformation of existing unique architectural objects due to their emergent properties. Alternative concepts of the formation of architectural objects are revealed in connection with the evolution of the views of the organization of ritual events: organizing a memorial complex as a place of spiritual comfort for family members of deceased people; using the potential of information technology to organize cemeteries and create virtual spaces; the creation of a vertical or underground necropolis. Modern approaches to the organization of penitentiary facilities in connection with the change in the frame of prevention of relapse of crimes are determined: a healing approach to psychological and cognitive rehabilitation of prisoners in the spatial cluster of the prison; the economic concept of a vertical prison with the possibility of habitat and working prisoners. Compensatory techniques for adjusting the instability of the urban environment in its dense building with the help of objects of “parasitic” architecture by restoring unused urban spaces are considered. The presented selection of design proposals for unique architectural objects allows you to outline the directions for searching and conducting further promising research in this area.

A methodology for investigating the progressive limiting state of the structure is proposed. To solve this problem, the criterion of critical strain energy levels in the form of the force method is used. The criterion for violation of the limiting state of the structure is a change in the state of self-stress of the structure. The problem is posed as an eigenvalue problem and the values of the maximum values of the design parameters are found for the flexibility matrix. The resulting forces correspond to a critical level of energy. They can be used to find the maximum possible value of the strain energy of the structure. By subtracting from it the amount of work of external forces, it is possible to determine the residual load-bearing capacity of the structure. An example of calculating a simple statically indeterminate truss structure is demonstrated. It clearly shows the change in the energy of deformation of the structure, its self-stress, and the possibility of modeling the progressive limiting state of the structure.

One of the most demanded areas of digitalization in the architecture and construction industry is BIM—building information modeling as an effective tool for managing an object throughout its entire life cycle. In recent decades, worldwide interest in the application of this technology to architectural heritage has been steadily increasing, as evidenced by the large number of publications on HBIM—historical building information modeling. Researchers note great opportunities in the application of information models for the preservation and study of heritage. At the same time, there are barriers to wider dissemination of the technology. Firstly, this is a definite complexity of creating the model through laser scanning and photofixation with next processing and elaboration unique parametric elements in computer programs. Secondly, the group of specialists involved in heritage projects as a rule is poorly versed in information technology, and specialists are not always ready to work with models. But at a minimum architects working with historic buildings should become guides in applying and explaining modern approaches and methods of working with heritage. Therefore, the topic of teaching HBIM in architectural universities needs to be given more attention both in practical work and in scientific research. This article contributes to this relevant and necessary topic. Examples of the implementation of BIM models for historical buildings in Yekaterinburg, including constructivist objects, made by students of the Applied Informatics in Architecture department of the Ural State University of Architecture and Art are given, the use of BIM for computer-aided design of solid 3D model is shown, for which an appropriate technology was developed. With a small number of BIM curricula that are slowly being implemented at the university level, a practice-oriented methodology for learning new technologies is offered.

This paper considers issues of information and technological support for strategic urban planning. These include goal-setting, forecasting, design, and the effective development of spatial urbanization based on the synergy of modern urban planning theory and the emerging scientific foundations of artificial urban intelligence. The paper proposes a variation of the theoretical model of “smart urban planning”, including the structure of the rationale and principles, as well as the basic information technologies and methods corresponding to these principles. Within this variant, a mechanism is proposed for the introduction of a “cyberphysical urban planning system”, an urban information platform, a “digital twin”, and a “town planning system for self-monitoring”. This mechanism takes into account the need for introducing artificial intelligence to urban planning in order to provide solutions to the problems of smart Big Data collection, the smart introduction of scientific and technological knowledge, smart analysis and systematization of Big Data, smart forecasting, modeling, and design, the smart integration of successful global practices, smart control for implementation, smart transformation and modernization, and self-organization in decision-making. The paper also establishes dialectical contradictions and threats connected with the issues of goal setting, planning, design, and implementation of the development of the spatial object of urbanization. They are presented in the form of a structure of principles of dialectical unity of goal formation, goal structuring, development and self-development, global and regional specialization and cooperation, unity of construction and measurability, and unity of management.

For multiple decades, people attempted, sometimes quite successfully, to set up unique city districts. These districts were mostly one-of-a-kind options for forming the urban environment. The general construction was centered around the high-rise districts matching the average urban environment comfort requirements. However, today these districts do not match the exiting residential standards and must be redeveloped and renewed to match the modern residential comfort concepts. Developing a blueprint of complex high-rise areas renovation require benchmarking against the international practices of the latest decades, actively investigating the renovation possibilities open for the city building concepts of the past. The article researches the national and foreign blueprint projects of high-rise districts. It also presents a methodology for the suggested blueprint projects of an urban micro-district renovation.

The article is devoted to the problem, which in the process of further development of modern, especially large, cities, becomes more and more relevant—these are the issues of interaction of the historical context with modern architecture and innovations in the field of urban planning. Due to the fact that the city, being a complex and constantly developing socio-economic system, has a very important characteristic—its historical past, it is necessary to consider approaches and methods for integrating objects of modern architecture into the existing material and spatial environment of the city. This determined the purpose of this work—the study of methods for including newly built objects in the historical environment based on a contextual approach. The problems of synthesizing the old and the new, their optimal combination in terms of preserving the historical integrity of the development, taking into account legislation, regulatory requirements and modern technologies in this area, in the restoration or reconstruction of cultural heritage sites, including the inclusion of new buildings and the organization of public spaces. In the process of analyzing examples from architectural practice, the main methods of environmental adaptation and the role of new buildings in a specific historical context are identified. As a result of the study, a project proposal for the renovation of a quarter in the historical center of a large city is considered as approbation.

The city is a whole system and is an integral part of the modern representation of the image of the state. In the urban greening system, the main environment-forming role belongs to plantations of common use. It has been established that the quantitative and qualitative parameters of green spaces in the city of Simferopol have changed over the centuries, depending on the action of a group of factors. Currently, green spaces account for only 6.6% of the entire city area. The level of provision of the population with green spaces for general use is lower than the normative one and in different years varied from 1.5 ha to 20 ha. At the same time, only in the late Soviet period did this indicator correspond to the norms and amounted to 20 m2/person. The size of the area of green spaces in the landscaping system of the city of Simferopol was largely influenced by the following conditions: an increase in the area of the city, the addition of forest fund territories to the green spaces, an increase in the area and the allocation of these territories for development. Consequently, depending on the action of one or another factor, there was an increase or decrease in the percentage of green areas for common use. The totality of the factors acting on the process of greening the city can be attributed to the socio-economic and legal group.

This article analyses different approaches to defining the concept of landscape. The author’s approach to the definition of the concept of landscape, allows to substantiate the original interpretation of urban planning activity as an activity to replace some components of the landscape by others: natural components by man-made ones. Further, the authors note that the replacement of some components in such a complex system as landascape is always associated with risks. Risks of this type are referred to by the authors as Landscape risks. The authors describe the main characteristics of landscape risks and give specific examples for the largest city, which is Ekaterinburg in Russia. Then the authors analyses various ways of identification and management of landscape risks and come to a conclusion that the best way to identify not only risks but also chains of cause and effect describing changes in landscape, is the system DPSEEA: driver, pressure, state, expansion, effect, action. The authors have constructed chains of indicators for the examples of landscape violations given in the article. Further the possibilities of including landscape risks in spatial urban development planning procedures are analyzed. It concludes that such opportunities are not sufficient.

The authors focus on the economic, sociocultural significance, and impact on the urban planning of dams and ponds created in the Ural factory cities in the 18-nineteenth centuries. The article provides the data on dams’ construction and their technical and design features. A number of hydroenergetic systems created in the 18–nineteenth centuries at the territory of modern Greater Ekaterinburg are presented: the dams and ponds in Ekaterinburg proper and its districts (former Nizhne-Isetski and Verkh-Isetski ironworks); the dams and ponds in Polevskoy, Revda, and Mariinsk. Their distinctive features are shown in comparison with dams of the seventeenth century in other regions of Russia, and updated quantitative data on these objects are given. The authors use a multicomponent model for the analysis (a dam from the architectural, urban, economic, sociocultural points of view), which contributes to better comprehension of the changing role of dams and ponds in the structure of industrial settlements and outline reasonable ways for their revalorization.

The Arctic is unique natural landscapes, resources, rich culture of the small peoples of the North, and as a consequence, the high tourist potential of the region. The development of the cultural and social framework (CSF) of Arctic cities will help to develop a network of public spaces and provide connections between them, which can have a positive impact on both the comfort of the environment for local residents and tourists. However, the formation of a comfortable urban environment in Arctic cities is a difficult task that is complicated by the harsh climate of the Arctic territories, low temperatures, precipitation, high wind speed, as well as the peculiarities of daylight and polar nights. These factors can significantly reduce the comfort of being outdoors and as a consequence reduce the variety of outdoor recreation for both residents of Arctic cities and tourists. It is also worth mentioning a decrease in the safety of staying in the open spaces of Arctic cities, since low temperatures and high wind speeds can lead to a significant reduction in frostbite time. Ensuring connectivity of CSF objects is the key to the development and improvement of all the components of the cultural and social framework. The article analyzes the factors influencing the cohesion of cultural and social frameworks of Arctic cities, uses modern GIS-technologies to model the cultural and social framework, developed an algorithm to assess the pedestrian accessibility of CSF, using GIS-technology, as an approbation of theoretical research an experiment on the example of Norilsk.

The article discusses the basic principles of an eco-positive environment at a preschool educational institution. Such principles provide a basis for an environmentally comfortable space and teaches preschool children a right attitude to the environment. Special attention is paid to ecological comfort zones in preschool educational institutions. The article also identifies the prerequisites and considers several techniques and tools used to form an environmentally friendly (eco-positive) environment at a preschool institution. The possibilities to organize a roofing space as part of an environmentally oriented architectural environment are revealed. The main directions for the development of an on-roof exclusive space at a preschool institution have been identified as follows: an exploitable roof with playgrounds and phyto-modules; a “building–hill”, which involves using horizontal surfaces of the flat exploitable roof along with the slopes (embedded, raised) of the roof, involving the horizontal, angled and even vertical planes and facilitating the development of the exploitable roofing space in conjunction with the site; an exploitable roof featuring mini-gardens and greenhouses, “green” slopes used to establish eco-trails; a resource-saving roof. The research outcomes are both practical and theoretical, with the latter capable of being the basis for further research.

The Kyrgyz Republic has the richest water and energy resources. The main asset of Kyrgyzstan is water resources. The main indicators of the water supply of the territory is the amount of river flow per one km2 of area. All water supply and water balance assessment data were obtained from the Department of water resources and melioration of the Ministry of Agriculture and Melioration of the Kyrgyz Republic. According to the Ministry of Agriculture and Melioration of the Kyrgyz Republic, 321,119 ha of irrigated agricultural land are concentrated in the Chui region. There is drainage on 102,068 ha, where 576.6 km of the inter-farm collector and drainage network are dispersed, of which 114.6 km (or 20%) is in poor condition, as well as 3450.9 km of on-farm CDS, of which 1292.2 km (or 36%) is also in poor condition, including 642.2 km of open and 650 km of closed networks. An extensive network of irrigation facilities has been created in the Chui Valley. Initially, the Boroldoi and Krasnorechensk main canals were created then 18 km from Bishkek, the At-Bashy Canal was built.

The problem of treatment and disposal of domestic wastewater is very relevant for remote small settlements in the Arctic. Biological purification, as a traditional method, is problematic in conditions of low temperatures and high flow irregularity of wastewater. The organic substances characterized by BOD, COD and nitrogen compounds, which can be harmful when poorly treated wastewater is discharged into water bodies, are particularly difficult to extract from the water. In the conditions of the deteriorating environmental situation around the world, effective methods of wastewater treatment are being sought. This study examines the method of physical and chemical treatment of domestic wastewater from the small Arctic settlements. The experiment is carried out according to the standard laboratory research methods. For the study, real wastewater from the septic tanks was taken. These water samples were similar in composition to wastewater from the remote northern settlements. Particular attention is paid to the purification of water from ammonium ions at a temperature of 5 ℃. It turned out that it was possible. It is possible to reduce the concentration of ammonium ion by 96% by using the chemical precipitation method in combination with preliminary coagulation, oxidation and filtration. In addition, the effectiveness of physical and chemical treatment does not depend much on the temperature of incoming wastewater.

Russia's environmental industrial policy is aimed at increasing the resource efficiency of production, minimizing the negative impact on the environment, strengthening competitiveness and ensuring technological sovereignty. One of the directions of carbon dioxide sequestration is mineral carbonation. The idea of the article is to use for mineral carbonation, as an alternative to natural materials, a non-magnetic fraction obtained as a result of recycling of high-tonnage metallurgical waste-slags. Carbon sequestration technologies by mineral carbonation of technogenic raw materials are at the research stage, therefore it is necessary to assess the suitability of the use of metallurgical slags. To solve the tasks set, the material composition of steelmaking and blast furnace slags has been studied in detail. The content of minerals capable of participating in carbonation in the non-magnetic fraction of slags was determined, and the carbonation potential was evaluated based on calculated and practical data. The requirements for man-made waste for their use as raw materials for carbonation are formulated. The factors that have a restraining effect on the introduction of mineral carbonation technologies are highlighted. An assessment of the carbon cycle at the ferrous metallurgy enterprise is given.

The accumulated of ash and slag waste necessitates their processing. The processing of ash and slag wastes through their use for the synthesis of geopolymers is a very promising area of research. Geopolymer materials are obtained by alkaline activation reaction. The role of the activator on the technological properties of foamed geopolymer materials has been studied. It has been established that solutions of alkali hydroxides and/or solutions of alkali silicates are used as an activating solution. The synthesis of samples with different content of liquid glass and sodium hydroxide was carried out. It is shown that the content of both liquid glass and sodium hydroxide affects the properties. Technological properties and microstructure of synthesized samples are determined. Conclusions are drawn about the optimal amount of liquid glass and sodium hydroxide in the composition of the activating solution for obtaining foamed geopolymer materials with a minimum density. Pore size distribution studied.

In this article, attention focused on the analysis of the tightness of relationships between the runoff during the growing season and the main climatic factors of the formation of river flow in the annual and growing season. Long-term fluctuations in runoff during the growing season determined by cold precipitation in the catchment areas and the temperature regime of the summer months.2000 to 2019 the amount of precipitation in the upper reaches of the Naryn River between October to April increased significantly. The sum of positive air temperatures has increased most significantly over the past twenty years in the alpine zone and over the past forty years—in the lower reaches of the catchment. The number of days with positive temperatures is also increasing. For example, in the high mountain zone over the past 20 years it has increased from 109 to 122 days, and in the middle mountain zone of the river—from 220 to 236 days over the past 40 years. As a result, the air temperature above 0 °C shifted from mid-May–June to April–May at the Tien-Shan meteorological station, from mid-March to the first half of March at the Naryn meteorological station. Therefore, the runoff of the upper reaches of the Naryn River during the growing season, according to the data from the Naryn gauging station, Naryn city, has been increasing the average growing water discharge since 1992.

The article examines the problem of choosing corrective measures to ensure the ecological well-being of a person in the territorial technosphere. The purpose of the study is to develop a methodology for the reasonable choice of corrective measures. To achieve the goal, it is proposed to use the relative risk as a measure of the ecological well-being of a person. Based on Pigou's model of environmental externalities, an algorithm for creating a list of corrective measures for two situations is proposed: when the actual risk values exceed the norm and the decision maker needs to know how much investment is needed to improve the environmental well-being of a person; when the decision maker has some financial resources at his disposal and it is necessary to find out how the ecological well-being of a person will change if they are invested in appropriate activities. The results obtained allow us to conclude that the use of risk as a measure of a person's environmental well-being, as well as subject-economic groups, makes it possible to form a list of corrective measures, taking into account the mutual influence of the components of the territorial technosphere and the combined action of risk factors.

Protecting the environment and water bodies from pollution and depletion is one of the key problems of today’s world. Aggravating pollution of water sources due to insufficient capacities and efficiency of the existing sewage treatment facilities, as well as the discharge of poorly-treated or untreated sewage, causes the violations of the sanitary, chemical, and hydrobiological regimen of water bodies. The increased content of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in sewage propagates eutrophication leading to the destruction of water flora and fauna. The removal of biogenic elements from sewage in current conditions is one of the key problems in wastewater treatment. This article analyzes the existing techniques of nitrogen and phosphorus compound removal from wastewater as the most efficient and affordable method of sewage treatment. The authors analyzed research and review publications from international citation bases. Further, they compared the advantages and disadvantages of biogenic element removal techniques based on the analysis performed. The authors compared the following techniques: A/O (anaerobic/oxic), AA/O (anaerobic/anoxic/oxic), the UCT (University of Cape Town) process, the Modified UCT process, the Bardenpho process, and the JHB (Johannesburg) process.

Enterprises of the petrochemical industry are objects having a significant impact on the environment, they are obliged to develop and implement programs for improving environmental sustainability, which should reflect the compliance of technological processes, equipment, technical methods, techniques used at the enterprise with the best available technologies (BAT). Therefore, the growing demand for the practices of solving the problems of environmental protection efficiency in the activities of specific economic entities stimulates the search and development of both new methods and private indicators of effectiveness of environmental investment projects of various levels. The study shows the results of application of proactive measures related to the implementation of the investment environmentally oriented project on reconstruction of water supply and sanitation systems of the enterprise. Technical measures aimed at increasing the efficiency of water recycling systems, reducing the volume of effluent discharged by the plant and reducing raw water intake from the surface water source have been elaborated.

The paper presents a methodology for evaluation the effectiveness of an occupational safety management system using fuzzy logic methods—calculating the Harrington desirability function. This function is used to describe criteria and constraints in solving multi-criteria problems and allows you to establish a correspondence between linguistic assessments of the desirability of the values of the evaluation indicator (expert assessment) and numerical preference intervals. The use of Harrington's desirability function makes it possible to bring all evaluation indicators to unified values and compare particular indicators measured on different scales (numerical, verbal, etc.). This makes it possible to adapt this assessment methodology to the conditions of various organizations and implement it into expert decision support systems for decision makers in the field of ensuring occupational health and safety at enterprises. An example of calculating the Harrington desirability function for the performance indicators of the labor protection management system for a light industry enterprise is shown. The above methodology can be used to introduce the rating of departments of large organizations in terms of the effectiveness of the occupational health and safety management system.

The construction industry is one of the main leading sectors of the economy in the country. Among them, materials from clay raw materials have been widely used. One of these materials is ceramic building bricks. Due to the depletion of reserves of clay deposits, which is the main material in the raw material mixture for the production of ceramic building materials, further search for solutions necessary for the development of resource-saving technologies is relevant. Another urgent problem today is the disposal of man-made waste. One of the types of such waste is drilling sludge formed during drilling of oil wells. The relevance of the research lies in the need to develop new modern technologies and methods for the production of ceramic building bricks, using drilling sludge from oil fields of the Southern Federal District (SFD) in the raw material composition. This is due to the rapid growth in the volume of non-recyclable drilling waste in the sludge accumulators of oil-producing stations, and the depletion of reserves of natural clay raw materials used in the ceramic industry. The research is aimed at the disposal and reuse of drilling mud, which will create a reserve of affordable competitive raw materials for the production of ceramic bricks.

The possibility of obtaining foamed geopolymers—building heat-insulating materials based on coal combustion waste at thermal power plants of Severodvinskaya CHPP-1 and Apatitskaya CHPP was considered. A complex of studies of the considered waste was carried out, its chemical (oxide) composition, X-ray phase composition, and microstructural structure were determined. The mechanisms of pore formation during the synthesis of geopolymers are considered, and the most optimal pore former is chosen. The influence of the addition of zirconium dioxide on the strength characteristics of the samples has been established. The density and porous structure of the obtained geopolymer materials based on coal generation waste are analyzed, and the strength characteristics of the samples are also investigated.

During the work, an analytical review was carried out, including the study of the harmful effects of ash and slag dumps and the experience of their use during disposal. The definition of geopolymers has been compiled, as well as the ways of their application in various construction industry areas. Coal generation waste provided by Severodvinsk CHPP-1 was studied for its chemical composition and content of natural radionuclides, and on the basis of this, a class of radiological hazard of materials was assigned. A composition for the synthesis of porous geopolymer materials has been developed, including aluminosilicate raw materials, an alkaline activator and a foaming agent. Coal generation waste was used as aluminosilicate raw material; alkaline activator—a mixture of caustic soda solution and liquid sodium glass; aluminium powder was used as a blowing agent. As a curing mode, low-temperature curing is used—at room temperature, in an oven, as well as microwave radiation in a microwave oven. The effect of temperature-time regimes on the final macrostructure and technical and operational properties of the synthesized porous geopolymers has been studied.

The purpose of the research is the scientific substantiation of the conceptual foundations of the methodology for the creation and development of a class of natural-technical systems (NTS) as part of a natural component in the form of a “Natural environment” (“NE”) in the spatial limits of a river basin geosystem, where quantitative and qualitative indicators of water runoff (surface, underground), “Technogenic component” are formed in the form of various types of hydraulic structures (HS) and related buildings, referred to as the “Object of activity” (“OA”) and the social component—the “Population” (“P”) living in the zones of influence of “OA”, which in the systemic understanding are interconnected, interacting and interrelating (III) in the processes of using water resources in various technological schemes of water consumption and water use of economic and other activities. The relevance of research on the creation and development of the methodology of the NTS class “NE-OA-P” is determined by the need to study the processes of formation of orderliness between natural, man-made and social components and integrity as a management mechanism to ensure the preservation of development, and through development—ensuring the preservation of the dominant role of the whole, as part of the system, which becomes achievable by creating a methodology for assessing the impact of the technogenic component “OA” with its elements on the natural “NE” and social “P” components in the space and time of the river basin geosystem.

Today Russia is experiencing a serious Shortage of natural Graphite. At the same time, little attention is paid to the waste product of iron and steel production—kish graphite. This waste contains a significant amount of harmful impurities and cannot be returned to the metallurgical cycle. Its either incinerated or buried and harmful to the environment. With the support of a grant from the Russian Science Foundation, research is being conducted to develop technologies for recycling graphitized dust from various sections of metallurgical processing to produce marketable products. One type of commercial products can become Sorbents of oil products. The sorption capacity of technogenic graphitized dusts and products of their enrichment has been studied. The intercalation Method for preparing graphite for bloating was selected. The possibility of obtaining thermally expanded graphite with magnetic properties has been studied. The need to preserve magnetic properties imposes restrictions on the method of intercalation and heat treatment. At the presented stage of works it was theoretically substantiated and experimentally proved the principle possibility of obtaining a Sorbent with magnetic properties from the iron–graphite concentrate from metallurgical Waste with a bulk weight less than 70 mg/cm3 capable of retaining more than 15 g of common oil products per gram sorbent. The expansion coefficient at a thermal shock temperature of 450 °C was 32.

This research work is devoted to the development of a methodology for predicting work on the maintenance and repair of urban facilities using machine learning. The initial data was collected from various sources of appeals for buildings in Moscow. Data processing was carried out, a dataset with new attribute fields was formed, an exploratory data analysis was carried out, where the main task was to identify data dependencies. The results of the study made it possible to form a hypothesis about the relationship that certain types of repairs can statistically reduce the number of incidents recorded by various sources. Hypothesis testing was carried out using cohort data analysis and A/B testing. Next was the stage of developing ML models to predict the level of importance of performing various types of repairs at a particular facility in terms of reducing the number of incidents at this facility and directly predicting repairs for facilities. After testing the hypothesis and validating the model on an example, a methodology was developed for predicting work on the maintenance and repair of urban facilities.

This article explores the potential of using slag from waste incineration plants to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) in gaseous environments. The study investigates the efficacy of slag as an absorbent for CO2 in gas streams. It examines the purification process, CO2 absorption capacity, activation techniques, and CO2 release mechanisms. The findings suggest that slag has significant potential as a CO2 capture material, offering a promising solution for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from waste incineration plants. The research contributes to the development of effective strategies for mitigating climate change by utilizing waste materials for carbon capture and storage. Additionally, the article discusses various methods of enhancing the CO2 capture capability of slag, such as optimizing particle size, modifying the surface properties, and adding activating agents. The authors present experimental results indicating the improved CO2 adsorption capacity of treated slag samples compared to untreated ones. Furthermore, the study investigates the CO2 release mechanisms during the regeneration of the slag material. It examines factors affecting the release efficiency, such as temperature, gas flow rate, and regeneration time. The findings demonstrate the feasibility of using slag as a cyclic sorbent, with the ability to release and capture CO2 repeatedly. This article provides valuable insights into the possibilities of CO2 capture using slag from waste incineration plants in gas environments. The research contributes to the ongoing efforts in developing effective strategies for mitigating climate change and advancing the field of carbon capture and storage.

The aim of this work is to evaluate the phytotoxic properties of a veterinary antibiotic. The article presents the results of a study that investigated the phytotoxicity of bicillin-3, one of the most commonly used antibiotics in agriculture when raising farm animals, which enters the soil in high concentrations with manure when applied to the fields as fertilizer. We have carried out tests by germinating seeds of watercress, industrial hemp, sowing rice, as well as on the growth reactions of an aquatic plant Elodea canadensis. It has been established that bicillin-3 is toxic for watercress in the concentration range from 0.5 to 100 mg/l, and has low toxicity for rice and hemp. At high concentrations, we have noted stimulation of the growth of cannabis roots. It has been concluded that it is possible to use hemp as an accumulator plant for phytoremediation of soils contaminated with antibiotics. The possibility of bicillin-3 elimination from the aquatic environment with the help of Canadian pondweed has been studied. The value of the phytoremediation potential of Canadian pondweed to bicillin-3 depends on the concentration of the antibiotic and ranges from 0.10 to 1.80 mg/g of the live weight of the aquatic plant. It has been shown that it is possible to use Canadian pondweed for the elimination of bicillin-3 from the aquatic environment.

Biological wastewater treatment systems have been used for many years. Constructed wetlands are one such system. Constructed wetlands are a modern bio-engineered system which can remove many forms of pollutants from wastewater from various sources. Thanks to the varied forms and configurations of such systems, they harmoniously blend in to existing landscapes and do not disturb elements of harmony in the environment. The goal of this work is to review existing publications and research into the use of constructed wetlands in various regions to remove a wide range of pollutants from wastewater. It was determined that constructed wetlands are effective in treating urban surface runoff, industrial wastewater, and agricultural wastewater. Wetlands can effectively remove many pollutants: heavy metals (iron, copper, nickel, zinc, boron), biological contaminants, food industry waste, glycol, hydrocarbons, mineral nitrogen compounds, chlorine, radionuclides, and more. Constructed wetlands can serve as an inexpensive and easy-to-maintain solution for wastewater treatment which does not require the use of chemical or energy-intensive processes, can ensure the output of wastewater of the required quality while performing decorative and aesthetic functions, and improve the microclimate and condition of recreational areas and parks.

Today, for balanced environmental management, it is necessary to consider and assess the availability and condition of natural resources and the environment quality on time. To accomplish the goals specified, this paper suggests using the databases characterizing the water resource management in Ural, Siberian, and Far Eastern Federal Districts to prepare the environmental and economic maps that reflect the water resource availability, quality, and use efficiency as well as the adverse affecting factors. The maps were created on the basis of public statistics as well as the data provided by the companies using natural resources. The maps were made with the statistics collection and analysis methods to develop the indicators that reflected the intensity, efficiency, and environmental friendliness of water resource use as well as the software products like Microsoft Excel and Surfer. The research results can be used by water management and environmental protection specialists as well as federal and regional authorities to develop water management and protection programs.