nach oben

Erschienen in:

2024 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Tectonic and Erosion in the Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt (ZFTB)

verfasst von : Ahmed K. Obaid, Arsalan A. Othman, Sarkawt G. Salar, Varoujan K. Sissakian, Salahalddin S. Ali

Erschienen in: Natural Resources Deterioration in MENA Region

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Denudation involves weathering mountains and soil formation over long periods and is classified as soil degradation. This study focuses on the relationship between uplift and denudation using the hypsometric index (HI) and river profile steepness as key points to describe erosional processes and their relationship with environmental land degradation in the Zagros Fold and Thrust Belt (ZFTB). The interplay between tectonics, climate, and geomorphological features has been investigated to shed light on the erosional processes in the ZFTB. There is uniformity between regions of higher precipitation, steep slopes, higher river steepness, and higher HI, particularly, in areas to the northeast of the Kirkuk Embayment (KE) and areas of Bakhtyari Culmination (BCu). Higher-strength lithologies show consistency with the areas of higher HI, steepness, and higher precipitation, implying that the erodibility of exposed lithology does not control higher geomorphic indices values. The results showed a coupling between climate (e.g., orographic rain) and tectonic uplift controlling higher erosion areas (land degradation), where we found steep slopes, high HI, and steepness values.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Remotely Sensed Data and GIS for Long-Term Monitoring of the Ghout Oases Degradation in the Region of Oued Souf (Northeastern Algerian Sahara)

Nächstes Kapitel Characterization of Post-uprising Impacts on Landcover and Land Use: Al Wasita-Satish—Area Northeast Libya Case Study

Afaghi A, Salek MM (1975a) Geological map of Iran, sheet No., 5 North-west Iran, scale 1:1,000,000. Tehran, Iran

Afaghi A, Salek MM (1975b) Geological map of Iran, sheet No., 4 South-West Iran, scale 1:1,000,000. Tehran, Iran

Afaghi A, Salek MM (1977a) Geological map of Iran, sheet No., 6 South-East Iran, scale 1:1,000,000. Tehran, Iran

Afaghi A, Salek MM (1977b) Geological map of Iran, sheet No., 3 North-East Iran, scale 1:1,000,000. Tehran, Iran

Afaghi A, Salek MM (1977c) Geological map of Iran, sheet No., 2 North-Central Iran, scale 1:1,000,000. Tehran, Iran

Afaghi A, Salek MM, Moazami J (1978) Geological map of Iran, sheet No., 1 North-west Iran, scale 1:1,000,000. Tehran, Iran

Al-Attar ZT, Othman AA, Al-Hakari SHS, et al (2022) A Neotectonic statistical assessment through watershed geomorphic analysis: a case study in the greater Zab River Basin, Turkey–Iraq. Environ Earth Sci 81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10478-7

Alavi M (2007) Structures of the Zagros fold-thrust belt in Iran. Am J Sci 307:1064–1095. https://doi.org/10.2475/09.2007.02CrossRef

Allen MB, Saville C, Blanc E-P et al (2013) Orogenic plateau growth: expansion of the Turkish-Iranian plateau across the zagros fold-and-thrust telt. Tectonics 32:171–190CrossRef

Allen MB, Talebian M (2011) Structural variation along the zagros and the nature of the dezful embayment. Geol Mag 148:911–924. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756811000318CrossRef

Ameen MS (1992) Effect of basement tectonics on hydrocarbon generation, migration, and accumulation in Northern Iraq. Am Assoc Pet Geol Bull 76:356–370

Bahrami S (2013) Analyzing the drainage system anomaly of zagros basins: implications for active tectonics. Tectonophysics 608:914–928CrossRef

Blanco-Canqui H, Lal R (2008) Principles of soil conservation and management. Springer, Netherlands

Bretis B, Bartl N, Grasemann B (2011) Lateral fold growth and linkage in the zagros fold and thrust belt (Kurdistan, NE Iraq). 615–630. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2011.00506.x

Bull WB (1977) Tectonic Geomorphology of the Mojave Desert: US, Geological Survey Contract Report 14-08-001-G-394, Office of Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Engineering. Calif Menlo Park, p 188

Burbank DW, Anderson RS (2011) Tectonic geomorphology. WileyCrossRef

Burberry CM (2015) The effect of basement fault reactivation on the triassic-recent geology of kurdistan, North Iraq. J Pet Geol 38:37–58CrossRef

Burberry CM, Cosgrove JW, Liu J-G (2010) A study of fold characteristics and deformation style using the evolution of the land surface: Zagros simply folded belt, Iran. Geol Soc London, Spec Publ 330:139–154CrossRef

Burberry CM, Cosgrove JW, Liu JG (2008) Spatial arrangement of fold types in the zagros simply folded belt, Iran, indicated by landform morphology and drainage pattern characteristics. J Maps 4:417–430CrossRef

Cannon JM, Murphy MA, Taylor M (2018) Segmented strain accumulation in the high himalaya expressed in river channel steepness. Geosphere 14:1131–1149CrossRef

Clark MK, Schoenbohm LM, Royden LH, et al (2004) Surface uplift, tectonics, and erosion of eastern tibet from large-scale drainage patterns. Tectonics 23

Cox RT (1994) Analysis of drainage-basin symmetry as a rapid technique to identify areas of possible quaternary tilt-block tectonics: an example from the mississippi embayment. Geol Soc Am Bull 106:571–581CrossRef

Dietrich WE, Bellugi DG, Heimsath AM et al (2003) Geomorphic transport laws for predicting landscape form and dynamics. Geophys Monogr 135:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1029/135GM09CrossRef

Domínguez-González L, Andreani L, Stanek KP, Gloaguen R (2015) Geomorpho-tectonic evolution of the jamaican restraining bend. Geomorphology 228:320–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.09.019CrossRef

Flint JJ (1974) Stream gradient as a function of order, magnitude, and discharge. Water Resour Res 10:969–973. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR010i005p00969CrossRef

Gao M, Zeilinger G, Xu X et al (2016) Active tectonics evaluation from geomorphic indices for the central and the southern longmenshan range on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau, China. Tectonics 35:1812–1826CrossRef

Goldrick G, Bishop P (2007) Regional analysis of bedrock stream long profiles: evaluation of Hack’s SL Form, and formulation and assessment of an alternative (the DS form). Earth Surf Process Landfs 32:649–6714. https://doi.org/10.1002/espCrossRef

Hack JT (1973) Stream-profile analysis and stream-gradient index. J Res Us Geol Surv 1:421–429

Jassim SZ, Goff JC (2006) Geology of Iraq. Dolin, Prague, and Moravian Museum. Brno p 341

Jon G, Jordan, H T, Siever R (2007) Understanding Earth. W. H. Freeman, New York

Katiraie-Boroujerdy P-S, Nasrollahi N, Hsu K, Sorooshian S (2013) Evaluation of satellite-based precipitation estimation over Iran. J Arid Environ 97:205–219CrossRef

Whipple KX, Tucker GE (1999) Dynamics of the stream-power river incision model: implications for height limits of mountain ranges, landscape response timescales, and research needs. 104:661–674

Keller EA, Pinter N (2002) Active tectonics earthquakes, uplift, and landscape, Second. Printice Hall, New Jersy

Kirby E, Whipple KX (2012) Expression of active tectonics in erosional landscapes. J Struct Geol 44:54–75CrossRef

Kirby E, Whipple KX, Tang W, Chen Z (2003) Distribution of active rock uplift along the eastern margin of the tibetan plateau: inferences from bedrock channel longitudinal profiles. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 108

Kottek M, Grieser J, Beck C et al (2006) World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorol Zeitschrift 15:259–263CrossRef

Langbein WB (1947) Topographic characteristics of drainage basins

Mandal SK, Scherler D, Wittmann H (2021) Tectonic accretion controls erosional cyclicity in the Himalayas. AGU Adv 2:1–27. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021av000487CrossRef

Miller SR, Baldwin SL, Fitzgerald PG (2012) Transient fluvial incision and active surface uplift in the woodlark rift of eastern papua New Guinea. Lithosphere 4:131–149CrossRef

Moosdorf N, Cohen S, von Hagke C (2018) A Global Erodibility Index to Represent Sediment Production Potential of Different Rock Types. Appl Geogr 101:36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.10.010CrossRef

Morell KD, Kirby E, Fisher DM, Van Soest M (2012) Geomorphic and exhumational response of the central american volcanic arc to cocos ridge subduction. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 117:. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008969

Nissen E, Tatar M, Jackson JA, Allen MB (2011) New views on earthquake faulting in the zagros fold-and-thrust belt of Iran. Geophys J Int 186:928–944. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05119.xCrossRef

Obaid A, Allen M (2019) Landscape expressions of tectonics in the zagros fold-and-thrust belt. Tectonophysics 766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.05.024

Obaid AK (2018) Tectonic and fluvial geomorphy in the zagros fold-and-thrust belt. Durham

Obaid AK, Allen MB (2017) Landscape maturity, fold growth sequence and structural style in the kirkuk embayment of the Zagros, Northern Iraq. Tectonophysics 717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2017.07.006

Othman AA, Ali SS, Salar SG, et al (2023) Insights for estimating and predicting reservoir sedimentation using the RUSLE-SDR approach: a case of darbandikhan lake basin, Iraq–Iran. Remote Sens 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15030697

Othman AA, Gloaguen R (2013) Automatic extraction and size distribution of landslides in Kurdistan region, NE Iraq. Remote Sens 5:2389–2410. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5052389CrossRef

Othman AA, Gloaguen R, Andreani L, Rahnama M (2018) Improving landslide susceptibility mapping using morphometric features in the mawat area, kurdistan region, NE Iraq: comparison of different statistical models. Geomorphology 319:147–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.07.018CrossRef

Othman AA, Obaid AK, Amin Al-Manmi DAM et al (2021) New insight on soil loss estimation in the northwestern region of the zagros fold and thrust belt. ISPRS Int J Geo-Information 10:1–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10020059CrossRef

Pastor-Galán D, Spencer CJ, Furukawa T, Tsujimori T (2021) Evidence for crustal removal, tectonic erosion and flare-ups from the japanese evolving forearc sediment provenance. Earth Planet Sci Lett 564:116893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116893CrossRef

Pike RJ, Wilson SE (1971) Elevation-relief ratio, hypsometric integral, and geomorphic area-altitude analysis. Bull Geol Soc Am 82:1079–1084. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1079:ERHIAG]2.0.CO;2

Ramsey LA, Walker RT, Jackson J (2008) Fold evolution and drainage development in the zagros mountains of fars province, SE Iran. Basin Res 20:23–48CrossRef

Salar SG (2013) Geomorphic analysis for water harvesting using GIS Technique in selected basins/Garmian Iraqi Kurdistan Region. University of Sulaimani

Schildgen TF, Cosentino D, Bookhagen B et al (2012) Multi-phased uplift of the southern margin of the central anatolian Plateau, Turkey: a record of tectonic and upper mantle processes. Earth Planet Sci Lett 317–318:85–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.12.003CrossRef

Schumm Stanley A (1956). Evolution of drainage systems and slopes in badlands. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1956)67CrossRef

Seeber L, Gornitz V (1983) River profiles along the himalayan arc as indicators of active tectonics. Tectonophysics 92:335–367CrossRef

Snyder NP, Whipple KX, Tucker GE, Merritts DJ (2000) Stream profiles in the mendocino triple junction region, Northern California. GSA Bull 112:1250–1263. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112%3c1250:lrttfd%3e2.3.co;2CrossRef

Stern RJ, Johnson P (2010) Continental lithosphere of the arabian plate: a geologic, petrologic, and geophysical synthesis. Earth-Sci Rev 101:29–67CrossRef

Strahler AN (1952) Hypsometric (area–altitude) analysis of erosional topography. Geol Soc Am Bull 63:1117–1142CrossRef

Talebian M, Jackson J (2004) A reappraisal of earthquake focal mechanisms and active shortening in the zagros mountains of Iran. Geophys J Int 156:506–526. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02092.xCrossRef

Thiede RC, Bookhagen B, Arrowsmith JR et al (2004) Climatic control on rapid exhumation along the southern himalayan front. Earth Planet Sci Lett 222:791–806CrossRef

Toy TJ, Foster GR, Renard KG (2002) Soil erosion: processes, prediction, measurement, and control. Wiley

Tucker GE, Whipple KX (2002) Topographic outcomes predicted by stream erosion models: sensitivity analysis and intermodel comparison. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 107:ETG 1-1-ETG 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000162

De Vera J, Gines J (2009) Structure of the Zagros fold and thrust belt in the Kurdistan Region, Northern Iraq. Trab. 217:213–217

Vernant P, Nilforoushan F, Hatzfeld D et al (2004) Present-day crustal deformation and plate kinematics in the middle east constrained by GPS measurements in Iran and Northern Oman. Geophys J Int 157:381–398. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02222.xCrossRef

Walker RT, Ramsey LA, Jackson J (2011) Geomorphic evidence for ancestral drainage patterns in the zagros simple folded zone and growth of the Iranian Plateau. Geol Mag 148:901–910CrossRef

Wang W, Godard V, Liu-Zeng J et al (2021) Tectonic Controls on Surface Erosion Rates in the Longmen Shan, Eastern Tibet. Tectonics 40:1–21. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020TC006445CrossRef

Whipple KX (2002) Implications of sediment-Flux-dependent river incision models for landscape evolution. J Geophys Res 107. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb000044

Whipple KX, Shirzaei M, Hodges KV, Arrowsmith JR (2016) Active sortening within the himalayan orogenic wedge implied by the 2015 gorkha earthquake. Nat Geosci 9:711CrossRef

Wobus C, Whipple KX, Kirby E et al (2006) Tectonics from topography: procedures, promise, and pitfalls. Spec Pap Soc Am 398:55

Wohl EE, Merritt DM (2001) Bedrock channel morphology. Geol Soc Am Bull 113:1205–1212CrossRef

Zebari M, others (2019) Supplement of relative timing of uplift along the zagros mountain front flexure (Kurdistan Region of Iraq): constrained by geomorphic indices and landscape evolution modeling

Zebari MM, Burberry CM (2015) 4-D evolution of anticlines and implications for hydrocarbon exploration within the Zagros fold-thrust belt, Kurdistan region, Iraq. GeoArabia 20:161–188CrossRef

Zhang P, Mei L, Jiang SY et al (2021) Erosion and sedimentation in SE tibet and myanmar during the evolution of the burmese continental margin from the late cretaceous to early neogene. Gondwana Res 95:149–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2021.04.005CrossRef

Titel: Tectonic and Erosion in the Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt (ZFTB)
verfasst von: Ahmed K. Obaid
Arsalan A. Othman
Sarkawt G. Salar
Varoujan K. Sissakian
Salahalddin S. Ali
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Natural Resources Deterioration in MENA Region
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-58314-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-58315-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-58315-5_4