nach oben

Erschienen in:

2024 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. Zeros and Ones: Striving to Classify

verfasst von : Marco Marabelli

Erschienen in: AI, Ethics, and Discrimination in Business

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

While the world in which we live is analogic, what computers tend to mimic (e.g., AI) is digital/binary. From an ethical standpoint, it is acceptable (and often helpful) to generate digital files of various nature (documents, photos, audio/video) that reflect reality. However, recent AI applications such as facial recognition systems, emotion detection, and so on illustrate the limits (and challenges) of relying on binary systems to scrutinize an analogic world. In this chapter, I argue that the binary nature of computers does not do justice to the analogic world in which we live.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Nächstes Kapitel Data Extractions and Extractors

https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/classification-of-diseases.

https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/feb/12/we-feel-forgotten-high-risk-groups-missed-off-uks-vaccine-priority-list.

https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/11/census-bureau-survey-explores-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity.html.

https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/04/why-is-silicon-valley-so-awful-to-women/517788/.

https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303395604577431832161133916.

https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/08/22/1057853/software-coding-more-gender-options/.

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/03/technology/google-researcher-timnit-gebru.html.

https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/hr-topics/behavioral-competencies/global-and-cultural-effectiveness/pages/how-chatgpt-could-discriminate-against-applicants.aspx.

https://www.thescottishsun.co.uk/news/5888751/sqa-results-downgraded-marks-poor-rich-deprived/.

https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/mar/09/scientists-question-nhs-algorithm-as-young-people-called-in-for-jab.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7762908/.

https://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/timeline.htm.

https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/belmont-report/index.html.

https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/IPE120221.

https://nces.ed.gov/programs/raceindicators/indicator_rfa.asp.

https://www.npr.org/2017/05/03/526655831/a-forgotten-history-of-how-the-U-S-government-segregated-america.

https://www.nps.gov/malu/learn/education/jim_crow_laws.htm.

https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1851-1900/The-Civil-Rights-Bill-of-1866/.

https://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/history-brown-V-board-education-re-enactment.

https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/392/409/.

https://www.justice.gov/crt/fair-housing-act-1.

https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2019/crime-in-the-u.s.-2019/tables/table-43.

https://aspe.hhs.gov/topics/human-services/social-safety-net.

https://www.npr.org/2017/05/03/526655831/a-forgotten-history-of-how-the-U-S-government-segregated-america.

https://www.wired.com/story/health-race-medicine-risk-disparities/.

https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/classification-of-diseases.

https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hsph-in-the-news/covid-death-rate-now-higher-in-whites-than-in-blacks/.

https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/three-decades-later-men-who-survived-gay-plague-speak-out-n825621.

https://apretude.com/.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KRozChEd1ww.

https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/statistics/.

Source: https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/impact-on-racial-and-ethnic-minorities/.

https://www.indeed.com.

https://www.forbes.com/sites/karstenstrauss/2018/02/02/the-role-of-artificial-intelligence-in-the-future-of-job-search.

https://blog.sprintcv.com/the-importance-of-keywords-in-your-cv-how-to-optimize-for-applicant-tracking-systems/.

For a summary of the book’s insights, you can refer to the author’s article appeared in Wired Magazine in May, 2023, and accessible through this link: https://www.wired.com/story/unfair-automated-hiring-systems-are-everywhere-ftc/.

https://www.fincen.gov/resources/statutes-regulations/usa-patriot-act.

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/27/us/politics/house-fisa-bill.html.

https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/society/20230601STO93804/eu-ai-act-first-regulation-on-artificial-intelligence.

https://legistar.council.nyc.gov/LegislationDetail.aspx?ID=4344524&GUID=B051915D-A9AC-451E-81F8-6596032FA3F9.

https://epic.org.

https://qz.com/americas-first-law-regulating-ai-bias-in-hiring-takes-E-1850602243.

https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/bentley-university-mccall/episodes/Lessons-learned-from-the-supply-chain-disruption-during-the-COVID-pandemic-e25keaq/a-aa04uuu.

https://www.myfico.com/credit-education/what-is-A-fico-score.

https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014L0017&rid=6.

https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/09/facebooks-new-patent-and-digital-redlining/407287/.

Ajunwa, I. (2023). The Quantified Worker: Law and Technology in the Modern Workplace. Cambridge University Press.

Barocas, S., & Selbst, A. D. (2016). Big Data’s Disparate Impact. California Law Review, 104, 671–732.

Bender, E. M., Gebru, T., McMillan-Major, A., & Shmitchell, S. (2021). On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (pp. 610–623).

Bowker, G. C., & Star, S. L. (2000). Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences. MIT Press.

Bridges, K. (2011). Reproducing Race: An Ethnography of Pregnancy as a Site of Racialization. University of California Press.

Bridges, K. (2019). Critical Race Theory: A Primer. Foundation Press.

Cobb-Payton, F., & Berki, E. (2019). Countering the Negative Image of Women in Computing. Communications of the ACM, 62(5), 56–63.CrossRef

Courtland, R. (2018). The Bias Detectives: As Machine Learning Infiltrates Society, Scientists Grapple with How to Make Algorithms Fair. Nature, 558, 357–360.

Crawford, K. (2021b). Time to Regulate AI That Interprets Human Emotions. Nature, 592(8), 167.CrossRef

Desmond, M. (2023). Poverty, by America. Random House Large Print.

Eckert, P. (1989). The Whole Woman: Sex and Gender Differences in Variation. Language Variation and Change, 1(3), 245–267.CrossRef

Eubanks, V. (2018). Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor. St. Martin’s Press.

European Union. (2021). Europe Fit for the Digital Age: Commission Proposes New Rules and Actions for Excellence and Trust in Artificial Intelligence. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_1682

Galbraith, J. R. (1977). Organization Design: An Information Processing View. Organizational Effectiveness Center and School, 21(8), 21–26.

Gelman, A., Fagan, J., & Kiss, A. (2007). An Analysis of the New York City Police Department’s “Stop-and-Frisk” Policy in the Context of Claims of Racial Bias. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 102(479), 813–823.CrossRef

Howard, A., & Borenstein, J. (2018). The Ugly Truth About Ourselves and Our Robot Creations: The Problem of Bias and Social Inequity. Science and Engineering Ethics, 24(5), 1521–1536.CrossRef

Kalluri, P. (2020). Don’t Ask If Artificial Intelligence Is Good or Fair, Ask How It Shifts Power. Nature, 583(7815), 169.

Kellogg, K., Valentine, M., & Christin, A. (2020). Algorithms at Work: The New Contested Terrain of Control. Academy of Management Annals, 14(1), 366–410.CrossRef

King, J. T., Yoon, J. S., Rentsch, C. T., Tate, J. P., Park, L. S., Kidwai-Khan, F., Skanderson, M., Hauser, R. G., Jacobson, D. A., & Erdos, J. (2020). Development and Validation of a 30-Day Mortality Index Based on Pre-Existing Medical Administrative Data from 13,323 Covid-19 Patients: The Veterans Health Administration Covid-19 (Vaco) Index. PLOS One, 15(11), 1–16.CrossRef

Lakoff, G. (1987). Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind. University of Chicago Press.

Luca, M., Kleinberg, J., & Mullainathan, S. (2016). Algorithms Need Managers, Too. Harvard Business Review, 94(1), 96–101.

Marabelli, M., Newell, S., & Handunge, V. (2021a). The Lifecycle of Algorithmic Decision-Making Systems: Organizational Choices and Ethical Challenges. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 30, 1–15.CrossRef

Marabelli, M., Page, X., & Kane, G. C. (2016). Understanding Social Media Use: How Far Will College Student Sampling Take Us? Academy of Management Meeting (p. 17704).

Marabelli, M., Vaast, E., & Li, L. (2021b). Preventing Digital Scars of Covid-19. European Journal of Information Systems, 30(2), 176–192.CrossRef

Marabelli, M., Zaza, S., Masiero, S., Li, J., & Chudoba, K. (2023). Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in the AIS: Challenges and Opportunities of Remote Conferences. Information Systems Journal, 33(6), 1370–1395.CrossRef

Mintzberg, H. (1983). Structure in Fives: Designing Effective Organizations. Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Moran-Thomas. (2020). How a Popular Medical Device Encodes Racial Bias. Boston Review. https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/amy-moran-thomas-pulse-oximeter/. Accessed on January 8, 2022.

Oswick, C., & Noon, M. (2014). Discourses of Diversity, Equality and Inclusion: Trenchant Formulations or Transient Fashions? British Journal of Management, 25(1), 23–39.CrossRef

Reardon, S. (2023). Alzheimer’s Drug Trials Plagued by Lack of Racial Diversity. Nature. Published on August 2, 2023. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02464-1. Accessed on August 4, 2023.

Rothstein, R. (2017). The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America. Liveright Publishing.

Sánchez-Monedero, J., Dencik, L., & Edwards, L. (2020). What Does It Mean To ‘Solve’ the Problem of Discrimination in Hiring? Social, Technical and Legal Perspectives from the UK on Automated Hiring Systems. Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (pp. 458–468).

Tarafdar, M., Page, X., & Marabelli, M. (2022). Algorithms as Co-Workers: Human Algorithm Role Interactions in Algorithmic Work. Information Systems Journal, 33(2), 232–267.CrossRef

Taylor, J. R. (2003). Linguistic Categorization (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.

Widder, D. G., & Nafus, D. (2023). Dislocated Accountabilities in the “AI Supply Chain”: Modularity and Developers’ Notions of Responsibility. Big Data & Society, 10(1), 1–12.CrossRef

Yi, S. K. M., Steyvers, M., Lee, M. D., & Dry, M. J. (2012). The Wisdom of the Crowd in Combinatorial Problems. Cognitive Science, 36(3), 452–470.

Wilkerson, I. (2023). Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents. Random House.

Titel: Zeros and Ones: Striving to Classify
verfasst von: Marco Marabelli
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: AI, Ethics, and Discrimination in Business
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-53918-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-53919-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53919-0_1

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Premium Partner