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2024 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

6. Retcon, Race, and Retransmission: The Role of HBO’s Watchmen in Contemporary Storytelling

verfasst von : Ryan Twomey

Erschienen in: Adapting Television and Literature

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Although its starting-point is a graphic novel that uses the totems of the superhero genre, Damon Lindelof’s Watchmen sequel presents itself as a mind-bending crime drama, situated in a counter-historical ‘present day.’ Thus, Lindelof’s claim that he was not so much producing an adaptation as a ‘remix’ is true: the series effectively ‘remixes’ the crime genre, introducing foreign elements into a knotty story of historical injustice. Drawing on notions of ‘preemption’ (Toni Pape, Figures of Time) and ‘durational slippage’ (Mark Amerika, remixthebook), Twomey examines how Watchmen moves past murder, corruption, conspiracy and cover-ups to press the crime genre to its limit, also taking in war, vigilantism and space/time travel. History and counter-history collide, as the legacy of Jim Crow and Klan ideology, on the one hand, and civil rights discourse and anti-war protest, on the other, re-emerge in twenty-first-century Tulsa—anticipating recent debates about Critical Race Theory, The 1619 Project, and police reform, which draw attention to the darkness that still haunts American identity.

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Fußnoten
1
I will return to the importance of the diverse set of writers employed to work on HBO’s Watchmen at a later point in this chapter. The comic form of Watchmen was published monthly by DC Comics from September 1986 to October 1987, before being collected into a single edition graphic novel in 1987. For the sake of clarity, I will be referring to the 1987 collected text throughout this chapter.
 
2
James Hibberd, ‘Damon Lindelof gives his first deep-dive interview for HBO’s “Watchmen,”’ Entertainment Weekly, 18 September, 2019, https://​ew.​com/​tv/​2019/​09/​18/​damon-lindelof-watchmen-interview/​
 
3
Susan Haywood, Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts (London: Routledge, 2006), 11.
 
4
Marco Pellitteri, Alan Moore, Watchmen and Some Notes on the Ideology of Superhero Comics, Studies in Comics, Vol. 2, No. 1, (2011): 82. DOI:10.1386/stic.2.1.81_1.
 
5
See Evan Romano, “This Watchmen ‘White Night’ Reddit Fan Theory Could Change Everything,” Men’s Health, 31 October, 2019, https://​www.​menshealth.​com/​entertainment/​a29637831/​watchmen-fan-theory-reddit-white-night-hbo/​
 
6
See: Sam Adams, “The Casual Viewer’s Guide to WTF Is Going On in Watchmen,” Slate, 8 December, 2019, https://​slate.​com/​culture/​2019/​12/​watchmen-series-explained-hbo-episode-8-post-credits.​html
 
8
Mike Benton, Superhero Comics of the Golden Age: The Illustrated History (Dallas: Taylor Publishing, 1992), 5.
 
9
Evan Mawdsley, December 1941: Twelve Days that Began a War (Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2011), 2.
 
10
Jason Dittmer, Captain America and the Nationalist Superhero: Metaphors, Narratives, Geopolitics (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2012), 21.
 
11
See: Annalisa Di Liddo, Alan Moore: Comics as Performance, Fiction as Scalpel (Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi, 2009), 102–133.
 
12
See: Carl F. Miller, ‘“Worlds Lived, Worlds Died”: The Graphic Novel, the Cold War, and 1986,’ CEA Critic, Vol. 72, No. 3, (Spring-Summer 2010): 64–68. https://​www.​jstor.​org/​stable/​44378424
 
13
Jeff Jensen, ‘Watchmen: An Oral History,’ Entertainment Weekly, 21 October, 2005, https://​ew.​com/​books/​2005/​10/​21/​watchmen-oral-history/​
 
14
Hibberd, ‘Damon Lindelof.’
 
15
Hibberd.
 
16
Hibberd.
 
17
Henry Jenkins, ‘Transmedia Storytelling,’ Pop Junctions, 21 March, 2017, https://​henryjenkins.​org/​blog/​2007/​03/​transmedia_​storytelling_​101
 
18
Dani Di Placido, ‘Who Is HBO’s ‘Watchmen’ For, Exactly?,’ Forbes, 3 December, 2019, https://​www.​forbes.​com/​sites/​danidiplacido/​2019/​12/​03/​who-is-hbos-watchmen-for-exactly/​
 
19
Kamilla Elliott, Theorizing Adaptation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020), 18.
 
20
Linda Hutcheon, A Theory of Adaptation (New York: Routledge, 2013), 56.
 
21
Hutcheon, A Theory of Adaptation, 58, 60.
 
22
Martin Zeller-Jacques, ‘Adapting the X-Men: Comic-Book Narratives in Film Franchises’ Companion to Literature, Film, and Adaptation, ed. Deborah Cartmell (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012), 143.
 
23
Hibberd, ‘Damon Lindelof.’ For more on link between sequels and continuations see Cycles, Sequels, Spin-offs, Remakes, and Reboots: Multiplicities in Film and Television, ed. Amanda Klein and Barton Palmer (New York: University of Texas Press, 2016), 4–5, 103–104, 322–324.
 
24
Brian McFarlane, Novel to Film: An Introduction to the Theory of Adaptation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), 12.
 
25
Robert Stam, ‘Beyond Fidelity: The Dialogics of Adaptation,’ Film Adaptation, ed. James Naremore (New Brunswick: Rutgers, 2000), 54.
 
26
Film Adaptation, ed. James Naremore (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2000), 6.
 
27
Dom Nero, ‘So Many Watchmen Fans Have No Idea What It’s Really About,’ Esquire, 25 May, 2018, https://​www.​esquire.​com/​entertainment/​tv/​a20889505/​watchmen-alan-moore-damon-lindelof-hbo/​
 
28
Jack Matthews, ‘“Harry Potter” Falls Short: Slavish Fidelity to the Book Proves the Movie’s Curse,’ New York Daily News, 18 November, 2001, https://​www.​nydailynews.​com/​harry-potter-falls-short-slavish-fidelity-book-proves-movie-curse-article-1.​921347
 
29
There are countless blogs, forums, and articles dedicated to decrying adaptations. For example, see The Guardian’s list of ‘25 Books That Should Have Never Been Made Into Films,’ 2 August, 2022, https://​www.​independent.​co.​uk/​arts-entertainment/​films/​features/​book-film-adapations-worst-b2136254.​html
 
30
Elliott, Theorizing Adaptation, 18–19.
 
31
By December 2022, a post on a subreddit dedicated to Watchmen titled ‘Why is HBO Watchmen being called Woke?’ has 248 comments. Many posts point to YouTube videos deriding the show for being ‘woke’ focused too ‘SJW’ (Social Justice Warrior), or entrenched in identity politics. See: https://​www.​reddit.​com/​r/​Watchmen/​comments/​dm76cn/​why_​is_​hbo_​watchmen_​being_​called_​woke/​
 
32
Lindelof, Instagram, 23 May, 2018.
 
33
Hutcheon, A Theory of Adaptation, 31.
 
34
Tom Dowd, et al., Storytelling Across Worlds: Transmedia for Creatives and Producers (Burlington: Taylor & Francis, 2013), 72.
 
35
The older Will Reeves (Hooded Justice) who the audience is introduced to during the first episode (albeit we are yet to realise he is a masked vigilante) is played by Louis Gossett Jr.
 
36
Lindelof, Instagram, 23 May 2018.
 
37
Ryan Twomey, ‘Competing Nostalgia and Popular Culture: Mad Men and Stranger Things,’ in, Uncovering Stranger Things: Essays on Eighties Nostalgia, Cynicism and Innocence in the Series, ed. K. J. Wetmore (Jefferson: McFarland, 2018), 41.
 
38
The word ‘nostalgia’ is Greek in origin, a combination of ‘Nostos,’ a return to the native land and ‘Algos,’ which signifies suffering or grief. See: Johannes Hofer, Dissertatio Medica de Nostalgia oder Heimweh (1688), quoted in Helmut Illbruck, Nostalgia: Origins and Ends of an Unenlightened Disease, (Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 2012), 5.
 
39
Fred Davis, Yearning for Yesterday: A Sociology of Nostalgia (New York: Free Press, 1979), 4.
 
40
Kimberly K. Smith, ‘Mere Nostalgia: Notes on a Progressive Paratheory,’ Rhetoric and Public Affairs 3, No. 4, (Winter 2000), 508. https://​www.​jstor.​org/​stable/​41939629
 
41
Smith, “Mere,” 508.
 
42
Melanie Heyworth, ‘Nostalgic Evocation and Social Privilege in the Old English Elegies,’ Studia Neophilologica, Vol. 76, No.1, (2004): 4. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1080/​0039327041002705​7
 
43
Alan Moore, ‘Moore on Jerusalem, Eternalism, Anarchy and Herbie!,’ Alan Moore World, 18 November, 2019, https://​alanmooreworld.​blogspot.​com/​2019/​11/​moore-on-jerusalem-eternalism-anarchy.​html
 
44
This is not to say that social issues were completely ignored; simply that the 1980s saw a dominance of conservatism and free market economics and these were more often reflected in media and art.
 
45
Graham J. Murphy, ‘“On a More Meaningful Scale”: Marketing Utopia in Watchmen,’ Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts, Vol. 28, No. 1, (2017): 81. https://​www.​jstor.​org/​stable/​26390194
 
46
Lynn Spigel, Welcome to the Dreamhouse: Popular Media and Postwar Suburbs (Durham: Duke University Press, 2001), 15.
 
47
In the graphic novel version of Watchmen, ‘Nostalgia,’ also known as ‘Nostalgia by Veidt,’ was a brand of men and women’s cosmetics created by Veidt Enterprises, founded by Adrian Veidt.
 
48
We come to learn that Will Reeves is the small child that escapes the movie theatre during the Tulsa massacre (as depicted in the pilot episode). He takes on the surname Reeves, a nod to the first black deputy U.S. marshal west of the Mississippi, the real-life Bass Reeves (1838–1910) whom Will is watching on the cinema screen.
 
49
Joanna Robinson, ‘Watchmen Director Breaks Down This Week’s Groundbreaking Episode,’ 24 November, 2019, Vanity Fair, https://​www.​vanityfair.​com/​hollywood/​2019/​11/​watchmen-episode-6-this-extraordinary-being-interview-director-stephen-williams-behind-the-scenes
 
50
M.H. Miller, ‘The Grand Return of Comics Legend Alan Moore,’ GQ, 18 October, 2022, https://​www.​gq.​com/​story/​alan-moore-interview
 
Metadaten
Titel
Retcon, Race, and Retransmission: The Role of HBO’s Watchmen in Contemporary Storytelling
verfasst von
Ryan Twomey
Copyright-Jahr
2024
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50832-5_6