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Open Access 2024 | Open Access | Buch

Global collaboration, local production

Fab City als Modell für Kreislaufwirtschaft und nachhaltige Entwicklung

herausgegeben von: Manuel Moritz, Tobias Redlich, Sonja Buxbaum-Conradi, Jens P. Wulfsberg

Verlag: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden

Buchreihe : SDG - Forschung, Konzepte, Lösungsansätze zur Nachhaltigkeit

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Über dieses Buch

Dieses Open-Access-Buch gibt aktuelle interdisziplinäre Forschungseinblicke rund um das Fab City-Konzept. Ein Ansatz, der beschreibt, wie Produktions- und Konsumptionsweisen gestaltet werden können, sodass einerseits globale Kollaboration in und durch Communities von der Ideengenerierung bis zur Produktentwicklung physischer Güter mittels quelloffener Technologien (Open Source Software und Hardware) ermöglicht wird und andererseits die Produktion dieser Güter lokal und somit möglichst nahe am Ort des Bedarfs sowie dezentral im Sinne einer verteilten Produktion erfolgen kann, beispielsweise in Fab(rication) Labs. Ziel ist die Schaffung einer möglichst nachhaltigen Produktion bzw. Wertschöpfung. Ökologisch nachhaltig, indem lange Transportwege vermieden und auf Grundlage von Kreislaufprinzipien lokale Stoffkreisläufe geschlossen werden. Ökonomisch nachhaltig, indem durch quelloffene Technologien Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen und durch föderierte Ansätze Abhängigkeiten vermieden werden. Sozial nachhaltig durch ein partizipatives Wertschöpfungssystem, in dem der Zugang zu Wissen und Knowhow sowie zu Produktionsmitteln unbeschränkt ist. Über den gesamten Produktentstehungsprozess und -lebenszyklus enthält das vorliegende, bilinguale Werk in deutscher und englischer Sprache Beiträge aus den Bereichen Citizen & Collaborative Innovation and Design, Circular Design & Economy, Open-Source-Software-Tools für die Entwicklung von Open Source Hardware, Digital Product Passport, föderierte (Open-Source-) Systeme, die Verbreitung von Open Source Hardware sowie technical literacy und economic governance.

Prof. Neil Gershenfeld, Director of MIT’s Center for Bits and Atoms, and Chairman of the board of The Fab Foundation:“For many years the growth of cities has been an inexorable trend, with cities acting as regional magnets and engines;the resources enabling a Fab City can also help expand opportunity beyond cities. There is now an opportunity and need for labs that can develop, deploy, and measure the frontiers of Fab City technologies. This book provides a much-needed snapshot of the current state of that challenge.”
Tomas Diez, Executive Director of the Fab City Foundation: “This book is an invitation for large-scale collaboration to build distributed system that can support the development of alternative modes of production, in line with the social and ecological needs of our time.”

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

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1. Einführung: Wie Fab Cities zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung beitragen

Zusammenfassung

Unsere weltweit verteilten hocheffizienten Produktionsnetzwerke und Lieferketten werden durch multiple Krisen in Frage gestellt. Neben rein ökonomischen Aspekten wird zunehmend auch die ökologische und soziale Nachhaltigkeit unserer Produktionsweise in die Zielfunktion einbezogen. Das Fab City-Konzept, wonach Wissen, Designs und Dokumentationen zu physischen Produkten weltweit in der digitalen Sphäre in kollaborativer Weise entstehen und zirkulieren, Materialien, Komponenten und Rohstoffe hingegen auf lokaler Ebene in möglichst geschlossenen Stoffkreisläufen verbleiben, bietet in diesem Zusammenhang große Potenziale zur Förderung der Transformation hin zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung und Produktionsweise. Die lokale und zugleich globale Perspektive sowie die unterschiedlichen Ebenen (digital/physisch) eines entsprechenden offenen und partizipativen Wertschöpfungssystems erfordern eine interdisziplinäre Herangehensweise bei der Analyse und Gestaltung desselben. Das vorliegende Werk gibt einen Überblick über aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse und offene Fragen.

Manuel Moritz, Tobias Redlich, Sonja Buxbaum-Conradi

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Frameworks and Theoretical Concepts

Frontmatter

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2. The Fab City Full Stack

A Multiscalar Framework for an Orchestrated Collaboration Within Distributed Networks of Production

Abstract

This chapter presents the Fab City Full Stack framework, a conceptual model to guide the transition towards locally productive and globally connected cities and regions. The Full Stack is composed of seven layers, serving as an analytical, design, and implementation tool which ensures that projects align with the values and principles of the Fab City philosophy. The Full Stack provides a framework for navigating the complexity of implementing a transition to regenerative local economies. Future directions for research on the Fab City Full Stack are discussed, highlighting the need for more in-depth case studies, a focus on the social and political dimensions of the framework, as well as the development of metrics to measure progress towards self-sufficient and sustainable cities.

Tomas Diez Ladera, Vasilis Niaros, Carolina Ferro

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3. What Kind of City is the Fab City?

Some Theoretical Groundings and Intellectual Predecessors of the Fab City Project

Abstract

This contribution analyzes the rationale behind the Fab City Project as well as the mobilizations that it has created and grounds it in prior theoretical work and related imaginations of cities in the field of urban anthropology and urban transformation. The main aim is to provide a more consistent and scientifically profound integrative framework to which future research from different disciplines can relate serving as a common ground of what can be understood as a Fab City. The focus is predominantly set on the alternative model of urban functioning that the Fab City project introduces. This model suggests the rethinking and reorganization of production and consumption processes – or the reorganization of flows – in a cosmo-local urban space.

Sonja Buxbaum-Conradi

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4. Lokale Produktion als Beitrag zu einer nachhaltigen Wertschöpfung

Handlungsfelder und Schlüsselfaktoren für eine erfolgreiche Implementierung

Zusammenfassung

Neuartige Formen lokaler Produktion bieten vielfältige Potenziale, den gegenwärtigen gesellschaftlichen Herausforderungen zu begegnen. So z. B. die Reduzierung von Treibhausgasen durch die Verkleinerung von Wertschöpfungskreisläufen, die Förderung lokaler Akteure und die Stärkung der Resilienz der Produktionswirtschaft durch veränderungsfähige Wertschöpfungsansätze. Um dies perspektivisch zu ermöglichen, bedarf es eines konkreten Verständnisses für die Systematiken lokaler Produktion. Um dieses Verständnis zu vertiefen, wird im Folgenden das Phänomen lokale Produktion in seinen verschiedenen Ausprägungsformen für die Dimensionen Bedarf, Ressourcen und Raum sowie deren zentrale Schlüsselfaktoren beschrieben. Dabei wird der Einfluss verschiedener gesellschaftlicher Subsysteme auf eben jene Schlüsselfaktoren nachgezeichnet. Zuletzt werden systemspezifische, zentrale Handlungsfelder zur Förderung einer lokalen Produktion sowie ihre Wirkung auf die drei Säulen der Nachhaltigkeit abgeleitet.

Pascal Krenz, Lisa Stoltenberg, Dominik Saubke, Julia Markert

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Governance, Economics, and Enabling Technologies

Frontmatter

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5. Creative Flows

An Economic Model for Distributed Design and Production

Abstract

We envision a scalable economic model based on participatory economic theories that can sustain the distributed design and production of software and hardware based on the free and open-source ethos. Beyond licensing, we imagine a model that rewards people making contributions to projects for which free markets have a demand. The underpinnings of our model are abundance and shared information, whereas we see scarcity and accumulation of knowledge as the shortcomings of economic models currently applied to most free markets. We name this model Creative Flows, and we propose it for adoption in the Fab City network through the implementation of Fab City OS.

Denis Roio, Micol Salomone, Stefano Lucarelli

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Open Access

6. Transitioning to a Fab City: A Governance Perspective

How Transition Management Can Promote Urban Change: Case Study Hamburg

Abstract

In this paper, the authors consider the implementation and design of a Fab City as an urban transformation model from the perspective of transition governance. The Fab City approach requires a high degree of cooperation and coordination between a variety of actors in the city system. Transition research provides insights into the nature of transformation processes, who is driving them and how, and, thus, makes analysis of these processes and practical recommendations for possible action. Using Hamburg as a case study, this paper discusses insights from transition governance research for the governance setting of a Fab City. For this purpose, the transition management model, an operational, action-oriented approach from the transformation literature, is presented, which offers clues as to how transformation processes can be promoted and co-designed.

Anna Wildhack, Jana Koppe, Jörg Knieling

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7. Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) as Innovative Means to Supplement Transition Governance

A Pragmatic Approach to Conceptualization and Implementation in Fab Cities

Abstract

The following contribution explains how a DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organization) can technologically supplement the governance process in complex environments, in this case urban environments where Fab City is active. DAOs are implementations of the blockchain technology which can be considered as coordination tools and de facto “decentralized ERP* (Enterprise Resource Planning) systems on the internet”. They can enable organizations and communities to address challenges that are otherwise too complex in a tangible, dynamic and sustainable manner which caters to the general need for transition governance. To facilitate collaboration and coordination, the idea of a DAO is to effectively capture the various rule sets, actor constellations and general conditions to address the four universal problems in organizing-task division, task allocation, reward distribution, and information flows. The following conceptualization aims to provide a practical solution alternative to supplement cooperation and coordination between various actors within the wider ecosystem using a DAO. The current state of blockchain and DAO research serves as a rich backdrop when exploring the given opportunity and shedding light on the most important requirements, risks, and success factors. Despite remaining challenges in particular the legal domain, the focus of this article is to showcase how a progressive path forward can lead to a setting in which DAOs can be successfully integrated and become an operational part of an urban environment.

Alex M. Pawlowski

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8. Implementing a Digital Product Passport to Support the Open-Source Hardware Community

Abstract

This article presents a Digital Product Passport (DPP) technology for Open-Source Hardware (OSH) use cases. A DPP is a tool to provide physical products with a record of digital information about them, analogous to what might be imagined as a passport for Digital Twins. Such a passport may document non-observable attributes of products, such as their age, people involved in their creation, the licenses of designs used, locations they have travelled to and their current owner. In our tentative implementation and proposal for standard components, we focus on adopting a graph database of information, the REA (Resource-Event-Agent) accounting system and the Valueflows vocabulary to trace resources, events, and agents. Working in a federated environment where DPPs can be exported and authenticated even when they cross different contexts, we also examine how cryptography is used to ensure the integrity of DPPs by relying on authenticity rather than authorization.

Denis Roio, Adam Burns, Stefano Bocconi

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Open Access

9. The Fab City Index

A Toolkit for Measuring Progress Towards a Circular Economy

Abstract

The Fab City approach means that an urban economy is gradually developing into a fully circular economy until 2054, where local demand is met by local production. However, it is unclear at which point a Fab City currently is in this transition. The concept of the Fab City Index is a measure that could somehow quantify its state. It was first developed in France in 2018. The Fab City Index toolkit aims to capture how different economic sectors are performing with regards to the Fab City goal of a fully circular economy and to make this self-sufficiency comparable among existing Fab Cities. However, the French approach is closed source. Thus, we describe an alternative approach based on publicly available data taking Hamburg as an example, and we identify 16 macro-sectors whose development could inform a Fab City strategy. Preliminary results show that Hamburg still has a long way to go, though there is potential for self-sufficiency in some sectors. Measuring consumption and recycling thoroughly should be a high priority. A visual tool like the Fab City Dashboard could document the progress being made. The insights can inform both city administrations in deciding which sectors should be strengthened and statistical offices in expanding their future data collection.

Niels Boeing

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10. Intellectual Property Rights in a Fab City/Open-Source Hardware Context

Between Obstacle and Necessity

Abstract

The Fab City framework is based on the idea of the global sharing of information and knowledge combined with the local production of physical goods. Besides a digital infrastructure, this framework also needs a legal infrastructure in order to ensure compliance with the Fab City principles. In this regard, the law presents two conflicting approaches: exclusivity through Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) or sharing of information based on the credo of the open-source movement. Both of these approaches might be necessary to enable the Fab City concept to flourish. This article will address this seeming dichotomy. We will further examine the relevance of IPRs and their respective features to the Fab City framework and address licensing challenges that may emerge from their use.

Dana Beldiman, Fabian Flüchter, Felix Tann

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11. Haftungsrisiken im Kontext von Open Source Hardware

Zusammenfassung

Das Risiko, für etwaige Personen- und Sachschäden die bei der Herstellung und Nutzung von Open Source Hardware (OSH) entstehen, zu haften, kann für die Verbreitung von OSH ein großes Hindernis darstellen. Die rechtlichen Fragen, die sich in diesem Zusammenhang stellen, sind durchaus komplex und neuartig. Das liegt zum einen an der Natur der Wertschöpfungskette von OSH, bei der auf verschiedenen Stufen (Designentwurf, Herstellung, Verbreitung) unterschiedliche Personen(gruppen) beteiligt sind. Zum anderen wird OSH häufig aus altruistischen Zwecken und von Laien entworfen, hergestellt und verbreitet, für die ein einheitlicher Sorgfaltsmaßstab nur schwer zu bilden ist. In diesem Beitrag wird überblicksartig auf die potenzielle Haftung der Designer eines OSH-Bauplanes eingegangen. Dabei werden einige der wichtigsten rechtlichen Fragestellungen identifiziert und Perspektiven für die weitere Forschung aufgezeigt.

Linda Kuschel, Lisa Haller

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Distributed Innovation, Design, and Product Development

Frontmatter

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12. Citizen Innovation in Fab Cities

How Do Participation Motives Influence the Quality of Ideas?

Abstract

Past innovation research points to various motives of why individuals participate in innovation contests, ranging from pecuniary rewards to the joy of innovation. At the same time, it is unclear how these motives are associated with the quality of the generated ideas. Yet, understanding this relationship is key for organizations that wish to design prizes effectively. Using data from the Fab City Hamburg Maker challenge, an innovation challenge that took place in summer 2022, we provide evidence that altruistic (rather than financial) participation motives are related to a superior innovation performance: those who indicated altruistic participation motives submitted ideas that were judged most favorably by an external audience. This finding suggests that, to attract the most able individuals, organizations should support participants in disseminating their solutions and sharing their knowledge with potential users.

Johanna Schnier, David Pacuku, Christina Raasch, Manuel Moritz

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Open Access

13. Barriers to Widespread Adoption of Fab City Products

A User (Innovator) Perspective

Abstract

For the Fab City Initiative to be a success story, many citizens must internalize its vision. Thus, a key success factor is the widespread adoption of user-generated Fab Lab products. However, user innovators have currently little incentive to bear the cost of active diffusion efforts which leads to welfare losses. To overcome this so-called diffusion shortfall, we present promising voluntary payment mechanisms that could act as a decisive incentive for user innovators without losing the idea of an open community and give respective research directions. Moreover, we discuss potential adoption barriers of end users (e.g., safety or quality concerns) and suggest how a trusted Fab City seal might be helpful in overcoming them.

Marvin Klein, Christian Lüthje

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Open Access

14. Exploring Open-Source Software Ecosystems for Hardware Development

Abstract

Open-Source Hardware (OSH) and software ecosystems enable a collaborative development and manufacturing of physical artifacts. As we move towards new paradigms of production and consumption – libre software toolchains for hardware development warrant special attention. This chapter explores libre software, OSH, and software ecosystems to exemplify, illustrate, and provide food for thought to the curious reader to understand current trends in the Open-Source Hardware movement.

J. C. Mariscal-Melgar, Pieter Hijma, Martin Häuer, Martin Schott, Julian Stirling, Timm Wille, Manuel Moritz, Tobias Redlich

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15. Circular und Distributed Design im Kontext der Fab City

Die Five Hamburg Principles of Circular Design

Zusammenfassung

Im Beitrag wird dargelegt, dass Design neu verortet werden muss, um angemessen auf Herausforderungen zu reagieren, die aufgrund der aktuellen sozio-ökologischen Krisensituation (Klimakrise, Artensterben etc.) entstehen. Anhand der Circular und Distributed Design Konzepte wird aufgezeigt, dass bereits geeignete konzeptionelle Grundlagen für Designende bestehen. Darauf aufbauend werden fünf Design-Prinzipien vorgestellt, die im Rahmen des Circular Design Deep Dives in Hamburg co-kreiert wurden, um Designende zu inspirieren, kreislaufgerechte Produkte zu entwerfen und am Markt zu positionieren. In Bezug auf diese Prinzipien wird die Relevanz von offen angelegten Workshops aufgezeigt und dass praxisorientierte Prinzipien eine geeignete Handlungsumgebung benötigen, um Wirksamkeit zu entfalten – wie etwa die Fab City-Bewegung.

Wolf Kühr, Michael Ziehl, Ursula Tischner

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16. Co-kreative Produktentwicklung für eine lokale und unternehmensübergreifende Produktion

Neue Herausforderungen an die Arbeitsvorbereitung

Zusammenfassung

Die Produktentwicklung verlagert sich zunehmend in den digitalen Raum. Co-Creation Communities gelten als zukünftige treibende Kraft für interdisziplinäre und individuell gesteuerte Innovationen. Dagegen offenbarten einige Vorfälle der letzten Jahre (Pandemie, Suez-Kanal Blockade, usw.) die Anfälligkeit der globalen Wertschöpfung gegenüber Störungen. Der Trend, in Zukunft verstärkt lokal am Ort des Bedarfs zu produzieren, wird bereits seit Jahren durch Initiativen wie z. B. FabCity auf die Agenda regionaler Politik gesetzt und zunehmend auch in vielen Unternehmen strategisch diskutiert. Dies führt zu global entwickelten Artefakten, die lokal produziert werden können. Dabei hängt der Erfolg einer Entwicklung direkt von der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit (Umsetzbarkeit und Reproduzierbarkeit) ab. Im klassischen Produktionsunternehmen wird dies durch einen frühzeitigen Wissensaustausch von Produktion und Produktentwicklung gewährleistet. Im folgenden Beitrag werden die zukünftigen Herausforderungen der Planungsvorbereitung (PV) als Teilaufgabe der Arbeitsvorbereitung (AV) an der Schnittstelle zwischen unternehmensübergreifender Produktion und offener und kollaborativer Entwicklung herausgearbeitet.

Dominik Saubke, Pascal Krenz

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Local Production

Frontmatter

Open Access

17. The Roles of Makerspaces for Facilitating Open-Source Hardware Development

Abstract

While free and open-source software has become a mature concept, open-source co-creation and sharing of hardware comes with the need for organizing a much more diverse set of disciplines and capabilities. A steadily growing number of companies develop open-source hardware (OSH) products based on the existing body of free technological knowledge today, with many of them manufactured in their own vicinity which in turn improves resource productivity and social benefits. Fab labs/makerspaces as openly accessible facilities with local communities of makers have the potential to act as catalysts to mature and disseminate OSH development collaboratively. In the Horizon 2020 project OPENNEXT, 17 case studies were implemented in four clusters where makerspaces worked together with small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) for a limited time to provide new pathways for OSH co-creation and sharing. Various consumer goods industries, such as electronics, furniture, and mobility amongst others, were in focus. Different roles within the development process emerged from this SME-makerspace-cooperation for OSH that will need to be upscaled and elaborated by makerspaces.

Margit Hofer, Mehera Hassan, Robert Mies

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Open Access

18. On the Usability of Open-Source Machine Tools

Abstract

In the last decade, the technological developments of open-source machine tools (OSMTs) have reached a very high standard, sometimes up to being compatible with proprietary products from industry. However, the aspect of usability is often neglected over the development of functionality, which leaves the user friendliness of many OSMTs still lagging behind those of industrial machines. In an explorative qualitative research approach, this chapter deals with the elaboration of the basic problems and challenges which users face when they use and familiarize themselves with OSMTs. Interviews with OSMT developers, users, and educators provided insights into the status quo of OSMT development and education. Key factors with an influence on the usability of OSMTs were identified. In this chapter, the identified key factors, process understanding, machine complexity and atmosphere/prevailing mood, are described, and their influence on the usability of OSMTs and the fab city community is presented.

Luisa Lange, Sonja Buxbaum-Conradi, Manuel Moritz, Jacqueline Bertlich, Tobias Redlich, Jens P. Wulfsberg

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Open Access

19. Enabling Technology Diffusion with the Open Lab Starter Kit

Abstract

In recent years, fabrication laboratories or Fab Labs have challenged the dominant position of conventional large-scale manufacturing by offering low-threshold opportunities to engage with production. Fab Labs are therefore catalysts to the emancipation of manufacturing from primarily industrial to personal and communal contexts. However, various bureaucratic and resource-related challenges make the set-up of Fab Labs difficult and hinder an equitable spatial distribution of Fab Labs; there exists, for example, a great difference in the number of labs between industrialized and developing countries. This is contrary to the Fab Lab idea as it hurts the egalitarian access to digital fabrication machines. In response to this, efforts such as the Open Lab Starter Kit (OLSK) make use of Open-Source Hardware (OSH) and specifically Open-Source Machine Tools (OSMT) to facilitate the establishing of labs. The costs and thresholds of these so-called open labs are significantly lower compared to conventional Fab Labs because the machine tools used in them can be manufactured and replicated locally, using local resources. This chapter presents the OLSK approach to open-sourcing the design and documentation of machine tools, and furthermore examines its scope as an enabling technology for a more inclusive and equitable fab city concept.

Mohammed Omer, Melina Kaiser, Manuel Moritz, Tobias Redlich, Daniele Ingrassia

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Open Access

20. Open and Circular Value Creation in the Open Microfactory

Abstract

The transition to a Fab City in which almost everything can be produced requires reconfiguration of the existing global production network. Open workspaces like Open Labs or Fab Labs offer an important contribution in terms of innovation and knowledge transfer, but due to the currently limited availability of machine capabilities as well as capacities, they cannot fully cover the current demand of products and their local production. In this article, the concept of an Open Microfactory (OMF) is introduced as a local and highly flexible production facility. OMFs work as a circular manufacturing space and manufacturing-as-a-service provider. The OMF fulfills the local demand in products in small and medium-sized production volumes and acts as a complementary element to the existing makerspace and industry infrastructure. By integrating state-of-the-art manufacturing technologies from the field of flexible machine units, factory automation and digitalization, we explore how OMFs strengthen local value creation systems and make them more sustainable and resilient.

Michel Langhammer, Lennart Hildebrandt, Henrik Seeber, Manuel Moritz, Tobias Redlich

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Open Access

21. Local Production Networks of SMEs: The Future of Producing Locally?

Abstract

In the discussions of Fab Cities, “local production” and “urban production” are recurring topics. While one goal is bringing production back to the cities, there are already companies that have been producing there – sometimes for decades. These are typically micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) specialized in certain crafts or trades. In order to create products, such as furniture or even entire houses, they often have to collaborate so that multiple producers contribute their craft and expertise to an end product. Businesses typically have partners from other trades whom they regularly work with, but there is rarely a true network dynamic. Collaborating in a network could, however, provide significant advantages to producers and customers, especially when supported further by utilizing state-of-the-art information technologies to optimize network processes. However, due to a lack of resources SMEs in particular have been having a hard time adopting technologies introduced by Industry 4.0 and designed to enable more effective collaboration. Additionally, existing concepts for production networks of SMEs have not been as successful as anticipated. Therefore, this chapter aims to explore the challenges and potential of production networks of local SMEs as well as ways to support them.

Julia Christina Markert, Pascal Krenz

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Titel: Global collaboration, local production
herausgegeben von: Manuel Moritz
Tobias Redlich
Sonja Buxbaum-Conradi
Jens P. Wulfsberg
Verlag: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-658-44114-2
Print ISBN: 978-3-658-44113-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-44114-2

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Über dieses Buch

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

1. Einführung: Wie Fab Cities zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung beitragen

Frameworks and Theoretical Concepts

Frontmatter

2. The Fab City Full Stack

3. What Kind of City is the Fab City?

4. Lokale Produktion als Beitrag zu einer nachhaltigen Wertschöpfung

Governance, Economics, and Enabling Technologies

Frontmatter

5. Creative Flows

6. Transitioning to a Fab City: A Governance Perspective

7. Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) as Innovative Means to Supplement Transition Governance

8. Implementing a Digital Product Passport to Support the Open-Source Hardware Community

9. The Fab City Index

10. Intellectual Property Rights in a Fab City/Open-Source Hardware Context

11. Haftungsrisiken im Kontext von Open Source Hardware

Distributed Innovation, Design, and Product Development

Frontmatter

12. Citizen Innovation in Fab Cities

13. Barriers to Widespread Adoption of Fab City Products

14. Exploring Open-Source Software Ecosystems for Hardware Development

15. Circular und Distributed Design im Kontext der Fab City

16. Co-kreative Produktentwicklung für eine lokale und unternehmensübergreifende Produktion

Local Production

Frontmatter

17. The Roles of Makerspaces for Facilitating Open-Source Hardware Development

18. On the Usability of Open-Source Machine Tools

19. Enabling Technology Diffusion with the Open Lab Starter Kit

20. Open and Circular Value Creation in the Open Microfactory

21. Local Production Networks of SMEs: The Future of Producing Locally?

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